@article {928,
	title = {Cellulose centered perspective on terrestrial community structure.},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Journal
FEB
EY489
OIKOS},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {127 - 133},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure},
	url = {ISI:A1991EY48900020},
	author = {Abe,T.. and Higashi,M..}
}
@inbook {1127,
	title = {Life history characteristics of Tachinidae (Diptera) and their effect on polyphagy.},
	booktitle = {Parasitoid Community Ecology},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {145 - 162},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, ecology, HISTORY, polyphagy},
	author = {Belshaw,R.},
	editor = {Hawkins,B.A. and Sheehan,W.}
}
@article {967,
	title = {How leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores, natural enemies and plant performance},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Journal
English
Article
MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD
3
APR
299ZB
COPENHAGEN
Agrawal AA Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
OIKOS
35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {70 - 80},
	abstract = {Predators and plant resistance may act together to control herbivorous arthropod populations or antagonistically, which would reduce the control of pest populations. In a field experiment we enhanced predation by adding simulated leaf domatia to plants. Leaf domatia are small structures that often harbor predaceous arthropods that are potentially beneficial to the plant. We also manipulated host plant duality by inducing resistance with controlled. early season exposure of seedlings to spider mite herbivory. Our manipulations had profound consequences for the natural community of arthropods that inhabited the plants. Leaf domatia had a direct positive effect on abundances of two species of bugs and one species of thrips, all of which are largely predators of herbivores. On leaves with domatia, each of the predators was found inside the domatia two to three times more often than outside the domatia. Eggs of predaceous bugs inside leaf domatia were protected from parasitism compared to eggs outside the domatia. The positive effects of leaf domatia on predator abundances were associated with reduced populations of herbivorous spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Plants with experimental leaf domatia showed significantly enhanced reproductive performance. Induced resistance also affected the community of arthropods. Of the abundant predators, all of which also fed on the plant, only minute pirate bugs were negatively affected by induced resistance. Populations of herbivorous spider mites and whiteflies were directly and negatively affected by induction. In contrast, aphid populations were higher on plants with induced resistance compared to uninduced plants. Effects of induced resistance and domatia were additive for each of the predators and for aphids. However, spider mite and whitefly populations were not suppressed Further by employing both induced resistance and domatia compared to each strategy alone. Our manipulations suggest that plant defense strategies can have positive effects on some species and negative effects on others. Negative effects of "resistance trails" on predators and positive effects on some herbivores may reduce the benefits of constitutive expression of resistance traits and may favor inducible defense strategies. Multiple plant strategies such as inducible resistance and morphological traits that aid in the recruitment of predators of herbivores may act together to maximize plant defenses, although they may also be redundant and not act additively},
	keywords = {BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, CONSEQUENCES, COTTON, DECIDUOUS FOREST, DEFENSE STRATEGY, FLOWER THRIPS, food webs, herbivory, HOST-PLANT, multiple, MUTUALISM, NATURAL ENEMIES, POPULATIONS, predation, PREDATOR, predators, RECRUITMENT, SEEDLINGS, SPIDER-MITES, TROPHIC LEVELS},
	isbn = {0030-1299},
	url = {ISI:000086227400008},
	author = {Agrawal,A.A. and Karban,R. and Colfer,R.G.}
}
@article {1115,
	title = {Restructuring of Lepidoptera communities by introduced Vespula wasps in a New Zealand beech forest},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {119},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Journal
English
Article
SPRINGER VERLAG
3
JUN
210WU
NEW YORK
Beggs JR Landcare Res, Private Bag 6, Nelson, New Zealand
OECOLOGIA
175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {565 - 571},
	abstract = {Introduced social wasps (Vespula vulgaris) reach high densities in some New Zealand beech forests, because honeydew provides an abundant high-energy food source. We manipulated wasp density to estimate an "ecological damage threshold" for large, free- living Lepidoptera larvae. There will be a continuum of ecological damage thresholds for wasp density depending on the prey species or habitat. Experimentally placed small caterpillars had a significantly higher survival rate than large caterpillars, and the survival rate of both groups decreased with increasing wasp density. Spring-occurring caterpillars have a probability of surviving of 0.90-0.95, assuming wasps are the only source of mortality. However, at the peak of the wasp season we predict caterpillars would have virtually no chance (probability of 10(-78) to 10(-40)) of surviving to adults. Wasp abundance must be reduced by at least 88\% to conserve the more vulnerable species of free-living caterpillars at wasp densities similar to those observed in our study sites. This equates to a damage threshold of 2.7 wasps per Malaise trap per day. It was exceeded for about 5 months of the year in non-poisoned sites. There are currently no biological or chemical control techniques available in New Zealand that will reduce wasp abundance below this damage threshold throughout the year. Our models show that most Lepidoptera with spring caterpillars will be able to persist, but species with caterpillars occurring in the peak wasp season will be eliminated},
	keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BRACKEN, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, DAMAGE, ecological impact, EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES, HYMENOPTERA, INSECTS, larvae, LEPIDOPTERA, MORTALITY, phenology, POPULATIONS, predation, PREY, shared predator, SPHECOPHAGA-VESPARUM-VESPARUM, VESPIDAE, Vespula, VULGARIS, ZEALAND BEECH FOREST},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	url = {ISI:000081128300012},
	author = {Beggs,J.R. and Rees,J.S.}
}
@article {1120,
	title = {The effect of temporal scale on the outcome of trophic cascade experiments},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {134},
	year = {2003},
	note = {J
MAR},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {578 - 586},
	abstract = {The outcome of experimental manipulations in ecology should depend on the duration of the experiment. We tested this proposition by examining the results of published trophic cascade experiments in freshwater communities and the results of our own previously unpublished pond experiment. In particular, we analyze the results of 90 published trophic cascade experiments to test the prediction that the outcome of freshwater trophic cascade experiments, in which zooplanktivorous fish are either present or absent, depends on the duration of the experiment. We present evidence that there are quantitative differences in the strength of trophic cascades among different venue types (enclosure, mesocosm, pond, and lake), but that the strength of trophic cascades does not diminish with increasing experiment duration. Despite the large number of studies, there have been few replicated studies of trophic cascades for longer than a summer field season, and none for the time required to estimate the long-term result of press perturbations. We therefore present the results of a 4-year study of trophic cascades in experimental ponds, to test the predictions that the addition of the top predator results in a sustained increase in the phytoplankton biomass. We found that, as predicted by our literature review, there was no decline in the strength of the trophic cascade as the experiment progressed},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, ecology, PREDATOR, SCALE, TOP, trophic cascade, trophic cascades},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	url = {ISI:000181582700016},
	author = {Bell,T. and Neill,W.E. and Schluter,D.}
}
@article {1049,
	title = {Importance of species interactions to community heritability: a genetic basis to trophic-level interactions},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2006},
	note = {J
JAN},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {78 - 85},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, interactions},
	url = {ISI:000235306400011},
	author = {Bailey,J.K. and Wooley,S.C. and Lindroth,R.L. and Whitham,T.G.}
}
@article {1050,
	title = {Importance of species interactions to community heritability: a genetic basis to trophic-level interactions},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2006},
	note = {J
JAN},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {78 - 85},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, interactions},
	url = {ISI:000235306400011},
	author = {Bailey,J.K. and Wooley,S.C. and Lindroth,R.L. and Whitham,T.G.}
}
@article {1051,
	title = {From genes to ecosystems: a synthesis of the effects of plant genetic factors across levels of organization},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {364},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
JUN 12},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {1607 - 1616},
	abstract = {Using two genetic approaches and seven different plant systems, we present findings from a metaanalysis examining the strength of the effects of plant genetic introgression and genotypic diversity across individual, community and ecosystem levels with the goal of synthesizing the patterns to date. We found that (i) the strength of plant genetic effects can be quite high; however, the overall strength of genetic effects on most response variables declined as the levels of organization increased. (ii) Plant genetic effects varied such that introgression had a greater impact on individual phenotypes than extended effects on arthropods or microbes/fungi. By contrast, the greatest effects of genotypic diversity were on arthropods. (iii) Plant genetic effects were greater on above-ground versus below-ground processes, but there was no difference between terrestrial and aquatic environments. (iv) The strength of the effects of intraspecific genotypic diversity tended to be weaker than interspecific genetic introgression. (v) Although genetic effects generally decline across levels of organization, in some cases they do not, suggesting that specific organisms and/or processes may respond more than others to underlying genetic variation. Because patterns in the overall impacts of introgression and genotypic diversity were generally consistent across diverse study systems and consistent with theoretical expectations, these results provide generality for understanding the extended consequences of plant genetic variation across levels of organization, with evolutionary implications},
	keywords = {ARTHROPODS, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, CONSEQUENCES, GENE, PATTERNS},
	isbn = {0962-8436},
	url = {ISI:000265732200012},
	author = {Bailey,J.K. and Schweitzer,J.A. and Ubeda,F. and Koricheva,J. and Leroy,C.J. and Madritch,M.D. and Rehill,B.J. and Bangert,R.K. and Fischer,D.G. and Allan,G.J. and Whitham,T.G.}
}
@article {1052,
	title = {Host Niches and Defensive Extended Phenotypes Structure Parasitoid Wasp Communities},
	journal = {Plos Biology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
AUG},
	month = {2009///},
	abstract = {Oak galls are spectacular extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes in host oak tissues and have evolved complex morphologies that serve, in part, to exclude parasitoid natural enemies. Parasitoids and their insect herbivore hosts have coevolved to produce diverse communities comprising about a third of all animal species. The factors structuring these communities, however, remain poorly understood. An emerging theme in community ecology is the need to consider the effects of host traits, shaped by both natural selection and phylogenetic history, on associated communities of natural enemies. Here we examine the impact of host traits and phylogenetic relatedness on 48 ecologically closed and species-rich communities of parasitoids attacking gall-inducing wasps on oaks. Gallwasps induce the development of spectacular and structurally complex galls whose species- and generation-specific morphologies are the extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes. All the associated natural enemies attack their concealed hosts through gall tissues, and several structural gall traits have been shown to enhance defence against parasitoid attack. Here we explore the significance of these and other host traits in predicting variation in parasitoid community structure across gallwasp species. In particular, we test the "Enemy Hypothesis,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} which predicts that galls with similar morphology will exclude similar sets of parasitoids and therefore have similar parasitoid communities. Having controlled for phylogenetic patterning in host traits and communities, we found significant correlations between parasitoid community structure and several gall structural traits (toughness, hairiness, stickiness), supporting the Enemy Hypothesis. Parasitoid community structure was also consistently predicted by components of the hosts{\textquoteright} spatiotemporal niche, particularly host oak taxonomy and gall location (e.g., leaf versus bud versus seed). The combined explanatory power of structural and spatiotemporal traits on community structure can be high, reaching 62\% in one analysis. The observed patterns derive mainly from partial niche specialisation of highly generalist parasitoids with broad host ranges (>20 hosts), rather than strict separation of enemies with narrower host ranges, and so may contribute to maintenance of the richness of generalist parasitoids in gallwasp communities. Though evolutionary escape from parasitoids might most effectively be achieved via changes in host oak taxon, extreme conservatism in this trait for gallwasps suggests that selection is more likely to have acted on gall morphology and location. Any escape from parasitoids associated with evolutionary shifts in these traits has probably only been transient, however, due to subsequent recruitment of parasitoid species already attacking other host galls with similar trait combinations},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure, development, ecology, GENE, HISTORY, insect, NATURAL ENEMIES, parasitoids, PATTERNS, RECRUITMENT},
	isbn = {1544-9173},
	url = {ISI:000269226300007},
	author = {Bailey,R. and Schonrogge,K. and Cook,J.M. and Melika,G. and Csoka,G. and Thuroczy,C. and Stone,G.N.}
}
@article {971,
	title = {Current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2011},
	note = {J
APR},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {420 - 432},
	abstract = {P>1. In this essay I summarize current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence, while advocating for approaches that integrate community ecology with specific tests of classic evolutionary hypotheses. Several conclusions emerge. 2. The microevolution of defence is perhaps best studied by reciprocal transplant experiments of differentiated plant populations while simultaneously manipulating the presence of the herbivore(s) hypothesized to be the agent(s) of natural selection. 3. Although there is continued interest in the costs of defence, I argue that some empirical approaches to estimating costs (e.g. genetic engineering) may provide limited insight into evolutionary processes. 4. Essentially all plants employ several different lines of defence against herbivory. It is thus time to abandon searching for single silver bullet traits and the simple trade-off model (where traits are arbitrarily expected to negatively covary across genotypes or species). We still know very little about which trait combinations are most effective and have repeatedly evolved together. Thus, some of our prominent theories (e.g. a predicted trade-off between direct and indirect defence) need to be revised. 5. Studies of the macroevolution of plant defence are enjoying renewed interest due to available phylogenies and analytical methods. Although general trends are not currently surmisable, we will soon have strong case studies evaluating both biotic and abiotic drivers of convergent evolution in defence strategies and the role of defence evolution in the adaptive radiation of plant lineages. 6. The evolution of specificity is proposed as a final frontier in understanding complexity in plant-herbivore interactions. Although it is abundantly clear that plants can deploy highly specific defensive responses that are differentially perceived by herbivore species, how such responses evolve and are physiologically regulated remains an important gap. Relatively straightforward methodologies are now available to close the loop between plant perception of herbivory, hormonal responses, and production of defensive end-products across genotype or species},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community ecology, COMPLEXITY, ecology, EVOLUTION, HERBIVORE, herbivory, interactions, MODEL, phylogeny, plant, plant-herbivore interactions, PLANTS, POPULATIONS, RESPONSES, SPECIFICITY, theory},
	isbn = {0269-8463},
	url = {ISI:000288501100012},
	author = {Agrawal,A.A.}
}
@article {927,
	title = {Spatial Variation in the Strength of a Trophic Cascade Involving Ruellia nudiflora (Acanthaceae), an Insect Seed Predator and Associated Parasitoid Fauna in Mexico},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2010},
	note = {J
MAR},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {180 - 187},
	abstract = {Spatial variation in the strength of herbivore top-down control represents an important source of variation in plant fitness measures and community structure and function. By measuring seed predator (larvae of a Noctuid moth) and parasitoid impacts on Ruellia nudiflora across a broad spatial scale in Yucatan (Mexico), this study addressed the following: (1) to what extent does seed predator and parasitoid attack intensity associated with R. nudiflora vary spatially? (2) Does parasitoid attack result in a positive indirect effect on the plant, and does the intensity of this effect vary spatially? During the peak of fruit production (late June-early July) of 2005, we collected fruits from 21 R. nudiflora populations and grouped them into four regions: center, east, north and south. For each fruit we recorded: observed seed number, number of seeds eaten, seed predator presence, parasitoid presence and number of seeds {\textquoteright}{\textquoteleft}saved{\textquoteright} by parasitoids. Seed predators attacked ca 30 percent of fruits/plant on average, while parasitoids were found in 24 percent of seed predator-attacked fruits. Results indicated spatial variation in seed predator and parasitoid attack levels; interestingly, a contrasting spatial gradient of attack intensity was observed: populations/regions with greatest parasitoid attack levels usually had the lowest seed predator attack levels and vice versa, suggesting top-down control of parasitoids on seed predators. We observed a weak overall indirect impact of parasitoids on R. nudiflora (4\% seeds {\textquoteright}saved{\textquoteright} on average), which nonetheless varied strongly across populations (e.g., close to 14\% seeds saved at one population). Findings indicate a geographical structuring of interaction strengths across populations, as well as spatial variation in the strength of parasitoid cascading effects on plant reproduction},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure, GRADIENT, HERBIVORE, impact, insect, larvae, MOTH, Parasitoid, parasitoids, plant, POPULATIONS, PREDATOR, predators, SCALE, TOP-DOWN, trophic cascade},
	isbn = {0006-3606},
	url = {ISI:000275215700007},
	author = {Abdala-Roberts,L. and Parra-Tabla,V. and Salinas-Peba,L. and Diaz-Castelazo,C. and Delfin-Gonzalez,H.}
}
