@article {928,
	title = {Cellulose centered perspective on terrestrial community structure.},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Journal
FEB
EY489
OIKOS},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {127 - 133},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure},
	url = {ISI:A1991EY48900020},
	author = {Abe,T.. and Higashi,M..}
}
@article {1052,
	title = {Host Niches and Defensive Extended Phenotypes Structure Parasitoid Wasp Communities},
	journal = {Plos Biology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
AUG},
	month = {2009///},
	abstract = {Oak galls are spectacular extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes in host oak tissues and have evolved complex morphologies that serve, in part, to exclude parasitoid natural enemies. Parasitoids and their insect herbivore hosts have coevolved to produce diverse communities comprising about a third of all animal species. The factors structuring these communities, however, remain poorly understood. An emerging theme in community ecology is the need to consider the effects of host traits, shaped by both natural selection and phylogenetic history, on associated communities of natural enemies. Here we examine the impact of host traits and phylogenetic relatedness on 48 ecologically closed and species-rich communities of parasitoids attacking gall-inducing wasps on oaks. Gallwasps induce the development of spectacular and structurally complex galls whose species- and generation-specific morphologies are the extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes. All the associated natural enemies attack their concealed hosts through gall tissues, and several structural gall traits have been shown to enhance defence against parasitoid attack. Here we explore the significance of these and other host traits in predicting variation in parasitoid community structure across gallwasp species. In particular, we test the "Enemy Hypothesis,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} which predicts that galls with similar morphology will exclude similar sets of parasitoids and therefore have similar parasitoid communities. Having controlled for phylogenetic patterning in host traits and communities, we found significant correlations between parasitoid community structure and several gall structural traits (toughness, hairiness, stickiness), supporting the Enemy Hypothesis. Parasitoid community structure was also consistently predicted by components of the hosts{\textquoteright} spatiotemporal niche, particularly host oak taxonomy and gall location (e.g., leaf versus bud versus seed). The combined explanatory power of structural and spatiotemporal traits on community structure can be high, reaching 62\% in one analysis. The observed patterns derive mainly from partial niche specialisation of highly generalist parasitoids with broad host ranges (>20 hosts), rather than strict separation of enemies with narrower host ranges, and so may contribute to maintenance of the richness of generalist parasitoids in gallwasp communities. Though evolutionary escape from parasitoids might most effectively be achieved via changes in host oak taxon, extreme conservatism in this trait for gallwasps suggests that selection is more likely to have acted on gall morphology and location. Any escape from parasitoids associated with evolutionary shifts in these traits has probably only been transient, however, due to subsequent recruitment of parasitoid species already attacking other host galls with similar trait combinations},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure, development, ecology, GENE, HISTORY, insect, NATURAL ENEMIES, parasitoids, PATTERNS, RECRUITMENT},
	isbn = {1544-9173},
	url = {ISI:000269226300007},
	author = {Bailey,R. and Schonrogge,K. and Cook,J.M. and Melika,G. and Csoka,G. and Thuroczy,C. and Stone,G.N.}
}
@article {927,
	title = {Spatial Variation in the Strength of a Trophic Cascade Involving Ruellia nudiflora (Acanthaceae), an Insect Seed Predator and Associated Parasitoid Fauna in Mexico},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2010},
	note = {J
MAR},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {180 - 187},
	abstract = {Spatial variation in the strength of herbivore top-down control represents an important source of variation in plant fitness measures and community structure and function. By measuring seed predator (larvae of a Noctuid moth) and parasitoid impacts on Ruellia nudiflora across a broad spatial scale in Yucatan (Mexico), this study addressed the following: (1) to what extent does seed predator and parasitoid attack intensity associated with R. nudiflora vary spatially? (2) Does parasitoid attack result in a positive indirect effect on the plant, and does the intensity of this effect vary spatially? During the peak of fruit production (late June-early July) of 2005, we collected fruits from 21 R. nudiflora populations and grouped them into four regions: center, east, north and south. For each fruit we recorded: observed seed number, number of seeds eaten, seed predator presence, parasitoid presence and number of seeds {\textquoteright}{\textquoteleft}saved{\textquoteright} by parasitoids. Seed predators attacked ca 30 percent of fruits/plant on average, while parasitoids were found in 24 percent of seed predator-attacked fruits. Results indicated spatial variation in seed predator and parasitoid attack levels; interestingly, a contrasting spatial gradient of attack intensity was observed: populations/regions with greatest parasitoid attack levels usually had the lowest seed predator attack levels and vice versa, suggesting top-down control of parasitoids on seed predators. We observed a weak overall indirect impact of parasitoids on R. nudiflora (4\% seeds {\textquoteright}saved{\textquoteright} on average), which nonetheless varied strongly across populations (e.g., close to 14\% seeds saved at one population). Findings indicate a geographical structuring of interaction strengths across populations, as well as spatial variation in the strength of parasitoid cascading effects on plant reproduction},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure, GRADIENT, HERBIVORE, impact, insect, larvae, MOTH, Parasitoid, parasitoids, plant, POPULATIONS, PREDATOR, predators, SCALE, TOP-DOWN, trophic cascade},
	isbn = {0006-3606},
	url = {ISI:000275215700007},
	author = {Abdala-Roberts,L. and Parra-Tabla,V. and Salinas-Peba,L. and Diaz-Castelazo,C. and Delfin-Gonzalez,H.}
}
