@article {1115,
	title = {Restructuring of Lepidoptera communities by introduced Vespula wasps in a New Zealand beech forest},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {119},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Journal
English
Article
SPRINGER VERLAG
3
JUN
210WU
NEW YORK
Beggs JR Landcare Res, Private Bag 6, Nelson, New Zealand
OECOLOGIA
175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {565 - 571},
	abstract = {Introduced social wasps (Vespula vulgaris) reach high densities in some New Zealand beech forests, because honeydew provides an abundant high-energy food source. We manipulated wasp density to estimate an "ecological damage threshold" for large, free- living Lepidoptera larvae. There will be a continuum of ecological damage thresholds for wasp density depending on the prey species or habitat. Experimentally placed small caterpillars had a significantly higher survival rate than large caterpillars, and the survival rate of both groups decreased with increasing wasp density. Spring-occurring caterpillars have a probability of surviving of 0.90-0.95, assuming wasps are the only source of mortality. However, at the peak of the wasp season we predict caterpillars would have virtually no chance (probability of 10(-78) to 10(-40)) of surviving to adults. Wasp abundance must be reduced by at least 88\% to conserve the more vulnerable species of free-living caterpillars at wasp densities similar to those observed in our study sites. This equates to a damage threshold of 2.7 wasps per Malaise trap per day. It was exceeded for about 5 months of the year in non-poisoned sites. There are currently no biological or chemical control techniques available in New Zealand that will reduce wasp abundance below this damage threshold throughout the year. Our models show that most Lepidoptera with spring caterpillars will be able to persist, but species with caterpillars occurring in the peak wasp season will be eliminated},
	keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BRACKEN, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, DAMAGE, ecological impact, EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES, HYMENOPTERA, INSECTS, larvae, LEPIDOPTERA, MORTALITY, phenology, POPULATIONS, predation, PREY, shared predator, SPHECOPHAGA-VESPARUM-VESPARUM, VESPIDAE, Vespula, VULGARIS, ZEALAND BEECH FOREST},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	url = {ISI:000081128300012},
	author = {Beggs,J.R. and Rees,J.S.}
}
@article {973,
	title = {Combined effects of elevated CO2 and herbivore damage on alfalfa and cotton},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2004},
	note = {J
NOV},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {2309 - 2324},
	keywords = {COTTON, DAMAGE},
	isbn = {0098-0331},
	url = {ISI:000225219500016},
	author = {Agrell,J. and Anderson,P. and Oleszek,W. and Stochmal,A. and Agrell,C.}
}
@article {950,
	title = {Do tropical forest leaves suffer more insect herbivory? A comparison of tropical versus temperate herbivory, estimated from leaf litter},
	journal = {Ecological Research},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
NOV},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {1381 - 1392},
	abstract = {It is generally believed that tropical forests suffer more herbivory, as a proportion of leaf area, than do temperate forests. Reviews so far have compared studies performed by different authors using very different methodologies. Here we carried out studies on 125 samples at 86 localities in eastern North America and on 75 samples taken at five localities in Malaysia and Singapore, including both mature secondary and primary forest. Samples in North America were spread over 3 years. In tropical Asia, the samples were taken at four time slices at least 8 months apart, scattered over a 4-year period. Total herbivore damage during the lifetime of tree leaves was estimated from the percentage area damaged in recently fallen, undecayed leaves from the forest floor, using scanner-linked software. In terms of percentage damage per leaf, the results suggest that lowland tropical forest has significantly higher leaf herbivory (5.82\%) than temperate forest (5.48\%). This is in accord with the general expectation that aseasonal tropical forests should have more herbivory damage. However, when percentage damage {\textquoteright}per unit time of growing season{\textquoteright} is calculated based on an estimate of leaf lifetime in the tropics, tropical lowland herbivory damage turns out to be a fraction (about one half) of that in the temperate zone. Thus, these results tend to put in question the widely held view that herbivore damage is markedly more intense in the tropics. Over total leaf lifetime, the intensity of damage in the tropical area is only slightly higher than temperate regions. In terms of intensity of herbivory on leaves per unit of time, the opposite seems to be the case. It is uncertain which index should be taken as more significant in interpreting the selection pressure for anti-herbivore defenses in the tropics},
	keywords = {DAMAGE, defense, FOREST, herbivory, insect, LOWLAND TROPICAL FOREST},
	isbn = {0912-3814},
	url = {ISI:000270837500023},
	author = {Adams,J.M. and Zhang,Y.J. and Basri,M. and Shukor,N.}
}
