02651nas a2200433   4500008004100000020001400041245005400055210005300109260001200162300001400174490000800188520147300196653002601669653001301695653001401708653002101722653003301743653002601776653001601802653001901818653001401837653001701851653002101868653001701889653003401906653001401940653003201954653001701986653001102003653002402014653001602038653001902054653001902073653003302092653002902125100001802154700002102172856002402193       1994                        eng d  a0028-646X00aSecondary Metabolites in Plant Defense-Mechanisms0 aSecondary Metabolites in Plant DefenseMechanisms  c1994///  a617 - 6330 v1273 aMany secondary metabolites found in plants have a role in defence against herbivores, pests and pathogens. In this review, a few examples are described and discussed, and some of the problems in determining the precise role(s) df such metabolites highlighted. The role of secondary metabolites in defence may involve deterrence/anti-feedant activity, toxicity or acting as precursors to physical defence systems. Many specialist herbivores and pathogens do not merely circumvent the deterrent or toxic effects of secondary metabolites but actually utilize these compounds as either host recognition cues or nutrients (or both). This is true of both cyanogenic glucosides and glucosinolates, which are discussed in detail as examples of defensive compounds. Their biochemistry is compared and contrasted. An enormous variety of secondary metabolites are derived from shikimic acid or aromatic amino acids, many of which have important roles in defence mechanisms. Several classes of secondary products are ’induced’ by infection, wounding or herbivory, and examples of these are given. Genetic variation in the speed and extent of such induction may account, at least in part, for the difference between resistant and susceptible varieties. Both salicylates and jasmonates have been implicated as signals in such responses and in many other physiological processes, though their prescise roles and interactions in signalling and development are not fully understood10a2-SPOTTED SPIDER-MITE10aactivity10aALKALOIDS10aBICOLOR L MOENCH10aCYANOGENIC GLUCOSIDE DHURRIN10aCYANOGENIC GLUCOSIDES10adevelopment10aGLUCOSINOLATES10aherbivory10ainteractions10aMETHYL JASMONATE10aOILSEED RAPE10aPATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS10aPHENOLICS10aPHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE10aPHYTOALEXINS10aPLANTS10aRAPE BRASSICA-NAPUS10aRECOGNITION10aSALICYLIC ACID10aSALICYLIC-ACID10aSYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE10aVIRUS-INOCULATED TOBACCO1 aBennett, R.N.1 aWallsgrove, R.M.  uISI:A1994PG8250000101455nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245009700055210006900152260001200221300001400233490000600247520084600253653001601099653001201115653001601127100002001143700002001163700001501183700001501198856002401213       2007                        eng d  a1540-929500aUnderstanding why underrepresented students pursue ecology careers: a preliminary case study0 aUnderstanding why underrepresented students pursue ecology caree  c2007///  a415 - 4200 v53 aWhile the literature can tell us something about the number of people from underrepresented populations in science, there is scant evidence to explain why ecology in particular has among the lowest proportions of underrepresented students and professionals of any science. We conducted a case study of 39 Affican-American students from ESA’s Strategies for Ecology Education, Development, and Sustainability program, focusing on the factors that influenced their choice of an ecology career pathway. Although the case study includes only African-American students, we review the literature pertaining to all minority groups in science. Our results indicate that family support in particular, along with research experience and a positive view of an ecology career, are important factors in a student’s decision to pursue this career path10adevelopment10aecology10aPOPULATIONS1 aArmstrong, M.J.1 aBerkowitz, A.R.1 aDyer, L.A.1 aTaylor, J.  uISI:00024996210001703766nas a2200349   4500008004100000020001400041245008800055210006900143260001200212490000600224520287200230653001603102653001403118653002403132653001603156653001203172653000903184653001203193653001103205653002003216653001603236653001303252653001603265100001503281700001903296700001503315700001503330700001403345700001703359700001603376856002403392       2009                        eng d  a1544-917300aHost Niches and Defensive Extended Phenotypes Structure Parasitoid Wasp Communities0 aHost Niches and Defensive Extended Phenotypes Structure Parasito  c2009///0 v73 aOak galls are spectacular extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes in host oak tissues and have evolved complex morphologies that serve, in part, to exclude parasitoid natural enemies. Parasitoids and their insect herbivore hosts have coevolved to produce diverse communities comprising about a third of all animal species. The factors structuring these communities, however, remain poorly understood. An emerging theme in community ecology is the need to consider the effects of host traits, shaped by both natural selection and phylogenetic history, on associated communities of natural enemies. Here we examine the impact of host traits and phylogenetic relatedness on 48 ecologically closed and species-rich communities of parasitoids attacking gall-inducing wasps on oaks. Gallwasps induce the development of spectacular and structurally complex galls whose species- and generation-specific morphologies are the extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes. All the associated natural enemies attack their concealed hosts through gall tissues, and several structural gall traits have been shown to enhance defence against parasitoid attack. Here we explore the significance of these and other host traits in predicting variation in parasitoid community structure across gallwasp species. In particular, we test the "Enemy Hypothesis,’’ which predicts that galls with similar morphology will exclude similar sets of parasitoids and therefore have similar parasitoid communities. Having controlled for phylogenetic patterning in host traits and communities, we found significant correlations between parasitoid community structure and several gall structural traits (toughness, hairiness, stickiness), supporting the Enemy Hypothesis. Parasitoid community structure was also consistently predicted by components of the hosts’ spatiotemporal niche, particularly host oak taxonomy and gall location (e.g., leaf versus bud versus seed). The combined explanatory power of structural and spatiotemporal traits on community structure can be high, reaching 62% in one analysis. The observed patterns derive mainly from partial niche specialisation of highly generalist parasitoids with broad host ranges (>20 hosts), rather than strict separation of enemies with narrower host ranges, and so may contribute to maintenance of the richness of generalist parasitoids in gallwasp communities. Though evolutionary escape from parasitoids might most effectively be achieved via changes in host oak taxon, extreme conservatism in this trait for gallwasps suggests that selection is more likely to have acted on gall morphology and location. Any escape from parasitoids associated with evolutionary shifts in these traits has probably only been transient, however, due to subsequent recruitment of parasitoid species already attacking other host galls with similar trait combinations10aCOMMUNITIES10aCOMMUNITY10acommunity structure10adevelopment10aecology10aGENE10aHISTORY10ainsect10aNATURAL ENEMIES10aparasitoids10aPATTERNS10aRECRUITMENT1 aBailey, R.1 aSchonrogge, K.1 aCook, J.M.1 aMelika, G.1 aCsoka, G.1 aThuroczy, C.1 aStone, G.N.  uISI:00026922630000701883nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245007800055210006900133260001200202300001200214490000800226520135100234653001901585653001601604653001101620653001501631100001901646856002401665       2010                        eng d  a0962-843600aFood security: contributions from science to a new and greener revolution0 aFood security contributions from science to a new and greener re  c2010///  a61 - 710 v3653 aThere is an intrinsic link between the challenge we face to ensure food security through the twenty-first century and other global issues, most notably climate change, population growth and the need to sustainably manage the world’s rapidly growing demand for energy and water. Our progress in reducing global poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals will be determined to a great extent by how coherently these long-term challenges are tackled. A key question is whether we can feed a future nine billion people equitably, healthily and sustainably. Science and technology can make a major contribution, by providing practical solutions. Securing this contribution requires that high priority be attached both to research and to facilitating the real world deployment of existing and emergent technologies. Put simply, we need a new, ’greener revolution’. Important areas for focus include: crop improvement; smarter use of water and fertilizers; new pesticides and their effective management to avoid resistance problems; introduction of novel non-chemical approaches to crop protection; reduction of post-harvest losses; and more sustainable livestock and marine production. Techniques and technologies from many disciplines, ranging from biotechnology and engineering to newer fields such as nanotechnology, will be needed10aCLIMATE-CHANGE10adevelopment10aGROWTH10aPROTECTION1 aBeddington, J.  uISI:000272647200008