00568nas a2200181   4500008004100000245009900041210006900140260001200209300001400221490000700235653000800242653001600250653001600266100001800282700002000300700001700320856004900337       1988                        eng d00aForaging recruitment by the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)0 aForaging recruitment by the giant tropical ant Paraponera clavat  c1988///  a334 - 3380 v6110aANT10aHYMENOPTERA10aRECRUITMENT1 aBarrett, B.A.1 aJorgensen, C.D.1 aLooman, S.J.  uhttps://caterpillars.myspecies.info/node/19903644nas a2200433   4500008004100000020001400041245010700055210006900162260001200231300001200243490000700255520252000262653002302782653001602805653001402821653001702835653001102852653002102863653002102884653001802905653001402923653001402937653001502951653001302966653001402979653002002993653001603013653001403029653001303043653001403056653001603070653001403086653001703100653001903117100001803136700001503154700001703169856002403186       2000                        eng d  a0030-129900aHow leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores, natural enemies and plant performance0 aHow leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores   c2000///  a70 - 800 v893 aPredators and plant resistance may act together to control herbivorous arthropod populations or antagonistically, which would reduce the control of pest populations. In a field experiment we enhanced predation by adding simulated leaf domatia to plants. Leaf domatia are small structures that often harbor predaceous arthropods that are potentially beneficial to the plant. We also manipulated host plant duality by inducing resistance with controlled. early season exposure of seedlings to spider mite herbivory. Our manipulations had profound consequences for the natural community of arthropods that inhabited the plants. Leaf domatia had a direct positive effect on abundances of two species of bugs and one species of thrips, all of which are largely predators of herbivores. On leaves with domatia, each of the predators was found inside the domatia two to three times more often than outside the domatia. Eggs of predaceous bugs inside leaf domatia were protected from parasitism compared to eggs outside the domatia. The positive effects of leaf domatia on predator abundances were associated with reduced populations of herbivorous spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Plants with experimental leaf domatia showed significantly enhanced reproductive performance. Induced resistance also affected the community of arthropods. Of the abundant predators, all of which also fed on the plant, only minute pirate bugs were negatively affected by induced resistance. Populations of herbivorous spider mites and whiteflies were directly and negatively affected by induction. In contrast, aphid populations were higher on plants with induced resistance compared to uninduced plants. Effects of induced resistance and domatia were additive for each of the predators and for aphids. However, spider mite and whitefly populations were not suppressed Further by employing both induced resistance and domatia compared to each strategy alone. Our manipulations suggest that plant defense strategies can have positive effects on some species and negative effects on others. Negative effects of "resistance trails" on predators and positive effects on some herbivores may reduce the benefits of constitutive expression of resistance traits and may favor inducible defense strategies. Multiple plant strategies such as inducible resistance and morphological traits that aid in the recruitment of predators of herbivores may act together to maximize plant defenses, although they may also be redundant and not act additively10aBIOLOGICAL-CONTROL10aCOMMUNITIES10aCOMMUNITY10aCONSEQUENCES10aCOTTON10aDECIDUOUS FOREST10aDEFENSE STRATEGY10aFLOWER THRIPS10afood webs10aherbivory10aHOST-PLANT10amultiple10aMUTUALISM10aNATURAL ENEMIES10aPOPULATIONS10apredation10aPREDATOR10apredators10aRECRUITMENT10aSEEDLINGS10aSPIDER-MITES10aTROPHIC LEVELS1 aAgrawal, A.A.1 aKarban, R.1 aColfer, R.G.  uISI:00008622740000803766nas a2200349   4500008004100000020001400041245008800055210006900143260001200212490000600224520287200230653001603102653001403118653002403132653001603156653001203172653000903184653001203193653001103205653002003216653001603236653001303252653001603265100001503281700001903296700001503315700001503330700001403345700001703359700001603376856002403392       2009                        eng d  a1544-917300aHost Niches and Defensive Extended Phenotypes Structure Parasitoid Wasp Communities0 aHost Niches and Defensive Extended Phenotypes Structure Parasito  c2009///0 v73 aOak galls are spectacular extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes in host oak tissues and have evolved complex morphologies that serve, in part, to exclude parasitoid natural enemies. Parasitoids and their insect herbivore hosts have coevolved to produce diverse communities comprising about a third of all animal species. The factors structuring these communities, however, remain poorly understood. An emerging theme in community ecology is the need to consider the effects of host traits, shaped by both natural selection and phylogenetic history, on associated communities of natural enemies. Here we examine the impact of host traits and phylogenetic relatedness on 48 ecologically closed and species-rich communities of parasitoids attacking gall-inducing wasps on oaks. Gallwasps induce the development of spectacular and structurally complex galls whose species- and generation-specific morphologies are the extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes. All the associated natural enemies attack their concealed hosts through gall tissues, and several structural gall traits have been shown to enhance defence against parasitoid attack. Here we explore the significance of these and other host traits in predicting variation in parasitoid community structure across gallwasp species. In particular, we test the "Enemy Hypothesis,’’ which predicts that galls with similar morphology will exclude similar sets of parasitoids and therefore have similar parasitoid communities. Having controlled for phylogenetic patterning in host traits and communities, we found significant correlations between parasitoid community structure and several gall structural traits (toughness, hairiness, stickiness), supporting the Enemy Hypothesis. Parasitoid community structure was also consistently predicted by components of the hosts’ spatiotemporal niche, particularly host oak taxonomy and gall location (e.g., leaf versus bud versus seed). The combined explanatory power of structural and spatiotemporal traits on community structure can be high, reaching 62% in one analysis. The observed patterns derive mainly from partial niche specialisation of highly generalist parasitoids with broad host ranges (>20 hosts), rather than strict separation of enemies with narrower host ranges, and so may contribute to maintenance of the richness of generalist parasitoids in gallwasp communities. Though evolutionary escape from parasitoids might most effectively be achieved via changes in host oak taxon, extreme conservatism in this trait for gallwasps suggests that selection is more likely to have acted on gall morphology and location. Any escape from parasitoids associated with evolutionary shifts in these traits has probably only been transient, however, due to subsequent recruitment of parasitoid species already attacking other host galls with similar trait combinations10aCOMMUNITIES10aCOMMUNITY10acommunity structure10adevelopment10aecology10aGENE10aHISTORY10ainsect10aNATURAL ENEMIES10aparasitoids10aPATTERNS10aRECRUITMENT1 aBailey, R.1 aSchonrogge, K.1 aCook, J.M.1 aMelika, G.1 aCsoka, G.1 aThuroczy, C.1 aStone, G.N.  uISI:000269226300007