@article {1009,
	title = {Weevils and plants - phylogenetic versus ecological mediation of evolution of host plant associations in Curculioninae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae).},
	journal = {Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada},
	volume = {165},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {197 - 232},
	keywords = {ASSOCIATIONS, coleoptera, EVOLUTION, HOST-PLANT, PLANTS},
	author = {Anderson,R.S.}
}
@article {1131,
	title = {Secondary Metabolites in Plant Defense-Mechanisms},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	volume = {127},
	year = {1994},
	note = {J
English
Review
BENNETT, RN, ROTHAMSTED EXPTL STN, AFRC, INST ARABLE CROPS RES, DEPT BIOCHEM \& PHYSIOL, HARPENDEN AL5 2JQ, HERTS, ENGLAND
171
245
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
NEW YORK
40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211
NEW PHYTOL
AUG
Discipline: Plant Sciences
PG825},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {617 - 633},
	abstract = {Many secondary metabolites found in plants have a role in defence against herbivores, pests and pathogens. In this review, a few examples are described and discussed, and some of the problems in determining the precise role(s) df such metabolites highlighted. The role of secondary metabolites in defence may involve deterrence/anti-feedant activity, toxicity or acting as precursors to physical defence systems. Many specialist herbivores and pathogens do not merely circumvent the deterrent or toxic effects of secondary metabolites but actually utilize these compounds as either host recognition cues or nutrients (or both). This is true of both cyanogenic glucosides and glucosinolates, which are discussed in detail as examples of defensive compounds. Their biochemistry is compared and contrasted. An enormous variety of secondary metabolites are derived from shikimic acid or aromatic amino acids, many of which have important roles in defence mechanisms. Several classes of secondary products are {\textquoteright}induced{\textquoteright} by infection, wounding or herbivory, and examples of these are given. Genetic variation in the speed and extent of such induction may account, at least in part, for the difference between resistant and susceptible varieties. Both salicylates and jasmonates have been implicated as signals in such responses and in many other physiological processes, though their prescise roles and interactions in signalling and development are not fully understood},
	keywords = {2-SPOTTED SPIDER-MITE, activity, ALKALOIDS, BICOLOR L MOENCH, CYANOGENIC GLUCOSIDE DHURRIN, CYANOGENIC GLUCOSIDES, development, GLUCOSINOLATES, herbivory, interactions, METHYL JASMONATE, OILSEED RAPE, PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS, PHENOLICS, PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE, PHYTOALEXINS, PLANTS, RAPE BRASSICA-NAPUS, RECOGNITION, SALICYLIC ACID, SALICYLIC-ACID, SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE, VIRUS-INOCULATED TOBACCO},
	isbn = {0028-646X},
	url = {ISI:A1994PG82500001},
	author = {Bennett,R.N. and Wallsgrove,R.M.}
}
@article {1102,
	title = {Insects on plants: Macroevolutionary chemical trends in host use},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {276},
	year = {1997},
	note = {J
APR 11},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {253 - 256},
	keywords = {insect, INSECTS, PLANTS},
	url = {ISI:A1997WT92500045},
	author = {Becerra,J.X.}
}
@article {996,
	title = {Phytochemical and biological studies of medicinal plants in Bahrain: The family chenopodiaceae .2},
	journal = {International Journal of Pharmacognosy},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1997},
	note = {J
JAN},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {38 - 42},
	keywords = {PLANTS},
	url = {ISI:A1997XV88300006},
	author = {AlSaleh,F.S. and ElDin,A.Y.G. and Abbas,J.A. and Saeed,N.A.}
}
@article {983,
	title = {Optimality modeling and fitness trade-offs: when should plants become pollinator specialists?},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Journal
OCT
495JZ
OIKOS},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {177 - 184},
	keywords = {PLANTS, SPECIALISTS, TRADE-OFFS},
	url = {ISI:000172338600021},
	author = {Aigner,P.A.}
}
@article {1067,
	title = {Trade-offs between direct and indirect defences of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)},
	journal = {Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2008},
	note = {J
SEP},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {971 - 980},
	abstract = {1. Plant defence theory predicts trade-offs among defence traits as a result of resource limitation or pleiotropic effects. Although theoretically widely accepted, empirical demonstrations of such trade-offs are surprisingly scarce and mechanistic explanations are usually lacking. 2. We quantified cyanogenesis (the release of hydrogen cyanide (HCN)) as a direct defence and the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as an indirect defence against herbivores. To elucidate whether the trade-offs occur at the genetic or phenotypic level we investigated cultivated and wild-type accessions of lima bean (Fabaceae: Phaseolus lunatus L.) and compared different leaf developmental stages. Genetic relationships among the accessions were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. 3. Cyanogenesis and the release of VOCs differed significantly among the accessions and were negatively correlated: high cyanogenic accessions released low amounts of VOCs and vice versa. The same remained true for the ontogenetic stages, since primary leaves of all accessions hardly ever produced HCN at all, yet regularly showed high release rates of VOCs. 4. Low and high cyanogenic accessions of lima bean formed distinct clades in an AFLP-based dendrogram, while wild-types and cultivars did not separate. The first pattern indicates that the underlying defensive syndromes are genetically conserved, while the latter is likely to be caused by a multiple origin of cultivated lima beans or an extensive gene flow among cultivated and wild plants. 5. Synthesis. Trade-offs between cynogenesis and VOC release were obvious both between accessions and at the ontogenetic level, and thus cannot be explained by pleiotropy. We contend that allocation restrictions and/or adaptations to different enemy pressures are most likely to explain why lima bean can invest into cyanogenesis or VOCs, but not both},
	keywords = {ADAPTATION, multiple, PLANTS, theory, TRADE-OFFS},
	isbn = {0022-0477},
	url = {ISI:000258379800015},
	author = {Ballhorn,D.J. and Kautz,S. and Lion,U. and Heil,M.}
}
@article {971,
	title = {Current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2011},
	note = {J
APR},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {420 - 432},
	abstract = {P>1. In this essay I summarize current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence, while advocating for approaches that integrate community ecology with specific tests of classic evolutionary hypotheses. Several conclusions emerge. 2. The microevolution of defence is perhaps best studied by reciprocal transplant experiments of differentiated plant populations while simultaneously manipulating the presence of the herbivore(s) hypothesized to be the agent(s) of natural selection. 3. Although there is continued interest in the costs of defence, I argue that some empirical approaches to estimating costs (e.g. genetic engineering) may provide limited insight into evolutionary processes. 4. Essentially all plants employ several different lines of defence against herbivory. It is thus time to abandon searching for single silver bullet traits and the simple trade-off model (where traits are arbitrarily expected to negatively covary across genotypes or species). We still know very little about which trait combinations are most effective and have repeatedly evolved together. Thus, some of our prominent theories (e.g. a predicted trade-off between direct and indirect defence) need to be revised. 5. Studies of the macroevolution of plant defence are enjoying renewed interest due to available phylogenies and analytical methods. Although general trends are not currently surmisable, we will soon have strong case studies evaluating both biotic and abiotic drivers of convergent evolution in defence strategies and the role of defence evolution in the adaptive radiation of plant lineages. 6. The evolution of specificity is proposed as a final frontier in understanding complexity in plant-herbivore interactions. Although it is abundantly clear that plants can deploy highly specific defensive responses that are differentially perceived by herbivore species, how such responses evolve and are physiologically regulated remains an important gap. Relatively straightforward methodologies are now available to close the loop between plant perception of herbivory, hormonal responses, and production of defensive end-products across genotype or species},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community ecology, COMPLEXITY, ecology, EVOLUTION, HERBIVORE, herbivory, interactions, MODEL, phylogeny, plant, plant-herbivore interactions, PLANTS, POPULATIONS, RESPONSES, SPECIFICITY, theory},
	isbn = {0269-8463},
	url = {ISI:000288501100012},
	author = {Agrawal,A.A.}
}
