@article {1131,
	title = {Secondary Metabolites in Plant Defense-Mechanisms},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	volume = {127},
	year = {1994},
	note = {J
English
Review
BENNETT, RN, ROTHAMSTED EXPTL STN, AFRC, INST ARABLE CROPS RES, DEPT BIOCHEM \& PHYSIOL, HARPENDEN AL5 2JQ, HERTS, ENGLAND
171
245
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
NEW YORK
40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211
NEW PHYTOL
AUG
Discipline: Plant Sciences
PG825},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {617 - 633},
	abstract = {Many secondary metabolites found in plants have a role in defence against herbivores, pests and pathogens. In this review, a few examples are described and discussed, and some of the problems in determining the precise role(s) df such metabolites highlighted. The role of secondary metabolites in defence may involve deterrence/anti-feedant activity, toxicity or acting as precursors to physical defence systems. Many specialist herbivores and pathogens do not merely circumvent the deterrent or toxic effects of secondary metabolites but actually utilize these compounds as either host recognition cues or nutrients (or both). This is true of both cyanogenic glucosides and glucosinolates, which are discussed in detail as examples of defensive compounds. Their biochemistry is compared and contrasted. An enormous variety of secondary metabolites are derived from shikimic acid or aromatic amino acids, many of which have important roles in defence mechanisms. Several classes of secondary products are {\textquoteright}induced{\textquoteright} by infection, wounding or herbivory, and examples of these are given. Genetic variation in the speed and extent of such induction may account, at least in part, for the difference between resistant and susceptible varieties. Both salicylates and jasmonates have been implicated as signals in such responses and in many other physiological processes, though their prescise roles and interactions in signalling and development are not fully understood},
	keywords = {2-SPOTTED SPIDER-MITE, activity, ALKALOIDS, BICOLOR L MOENCH, CYANOGENIC GLUCOSIDE DHURRIN, CYANOGENIC GLUCOSIDES, development, GLUCOSINOLATES, herbivory, interactions, METHYL JASMONATE, OILSEED RAPE, PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS, PHENOLICS, PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE, PHYTOALEXINS, PLANTS, RAPE BRASSICA-NAPUS, RECOGNITION, SALICYLIC ACID, SALICYLIC-ACID, SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE, VIRUS-INOCULATED TOBACCO},
	isbn = {0028-646X},
	url = {ISI:A1994PG82500001},
	author = {Bennett,R.N. and Wallsgrove,R.M.}
}
@article {1025,
	title = {Understanding why underrepresented students pursue ecology careers: a preliminary case study},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2007},
	note = {J
OCT},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {415 - 420},
	abstract = {While the literature can tell us something about the number of people from underrepresented populations in science, there is scant evidence to explain why ecology in particular has among the lowest proportions of underrepresented students and professionals of any science. We conducted a case study of 39 Affican-American students from ESA{\textquoteright}s Strategies for Ecology Education, Development, and Sustainability program, focusing on the factors that influenced their choice of an ecology career pathway. Although the case study includes only African-American students, we review the literature pertaining to all minority groups in science. Our results indicate that family support in particular, along with research experience and a positive view of an ecology career, are important factors in a student{\textquoteright}s decision to pursue this career path},
	keywords = {development, ecology, POPULATIONS},
	isbn = {1540-9295},
	url = {ISI:000249962100017},
	author = {Armstrong,M.J. and Berkowitz,A.R. and Dyer,L.A. and Taylor,J.}
}
@article {1052,
	title = {Host Niches and Defensive Extended Phenotypes Structure Parasitoid Wasp Communities},
	journal = {Plos Biology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
AUG},
	month = {2009///},
	abstract = {Oak galls are spectacular extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes in host oak tissues and have evolved complex morphologies that serve, in part, to exclude parasitoid natural enemies. Parasitoids and their insect herbivore hosts have coevolved to produce diverse communities comprising about a third of all animal species. The factors structuring these communities, however, remain poorly understood. An emerging theme in community ecology is the need to consider the effects of host traits, shaped by both natural selection and phylogenetic history, on associated communities of natural enemies. Here we examine the impact of host traits and phylogenetic relatedness on 48 ecologically closed and species-rich communities of parasitoids attacking gall-inducing wasps on oaks. Gallwasps induce the development of spectacular and structurally complex galls whose species- and generation-specific morphologies are the extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes. All the associated natural enemies attack their concealed hosts through gall tissues, and several structural gall traits have been shown to enhance defence against parasitoid attack. Here we explore the significance of these and other host traits in predicting variation in parasitoid community structure across gallwasp species. In particular, we test the "Enemy Hypothesis,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} which predicts that galls with similar morphology will exclude similar sets of parasitoids and therefore have similar parasitoid communities. Having controlled for phylogenetic patterning in host traits and communities, we found significant correlations between parasitoid community structure and several gall structural traits (toughness, hairiness, stickiness), supporting the Enemy Hypothesis. Parasitoid community structure was also consistently predicted by components of the hosts{\textquoteright} spatiotemporal niche, particularly host oak taxonomy and gall location (e.g., leaf versus bud versus seed). The combined explanatory power of structural and spatiotemporal traits on community structure can be high, reaching 62\% in one analysis. The observed patterns derive mainly from partial niche specialisation of highly generalist parasitoids with broad host ranges (>20 hosts), rather than strict separation of enemies with narrower host ranges, and so may contribute to maintenance of the richness of generalist parasitoids in gallwasp communities. Though evolutionary escape from parasitoids might most effectively be achieved via changes in host oak taxon, extreme conservatism in this trait for gallwasps suggests that selection is more likely to have acted on gall morphology and location. Any escape from parasitoids associated with evolutionary shifts in these traits has probably only been transient, however, due to subsequent recruitment of parasitoid species already attacking other host galls with similar trait combinations},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure, development, ecology, GENE, HISTORY, insect, NATURAL ENEMIES, parasitoids, PATTERNS, RECRUITMENT},
	isbn = {1544-9173},
	url = {ISI:000269226300007},
	author = {Bailey,R. and Schonrogge,K. and Cook,J.M. and Melika,G. and Csoka,G. and Thuroczy,C. and Stone,G.N.}
}
@article {1112,
	title = {Food security: contributions from science to a new and greener revolution},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {365},
	year = {2010},
	note = {J
JAN 12},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {61 - 71},
	abstract = {There is an intrinsic link between the challenge we face to ensure food security through the twenty-first century and other global issues, most notably climate change, population growth and the need to sustainably manage the world{\textquoteright}s rapidly growing demand for energy and water. Our progress in reducing global poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals will be determined to a great extent by how coherently these long-term challenges are tackled. A key question is whether we can feed a future nine billion people equitably, healthily and sustainably. Science and technology can make a major contribution, by providing practical solutions. Securing this contribution requires that high priority be attached both to research and to facilitating the real world deployment of existing and emergent technologies. Put simply, we need a new, {\textquoteright}greener revolution{\textquoteright}. Important areas for focus include: crop improvement; smarter use of water and fertilizers; new pesticides and their effective management to avoid resistance problems; introduction of novel non-chemical approaches to crop protection; reduction of post-harvest losses; and more sustainable livestock and marine production. Techniques and technologies from many disciplines, ranging from biotechnology and engineering to newer fields such as nanotechnology, will be needed},
	keywords = {CLIMATE-CHANGE, development, GROWTH, PROTECTION},
	isbn = {0962-8436},
	url = {ISI:000272647200008},
	author = {Beddington,J.}
}
