@article {1120,
	title = {The effect of temporal scale on the outcome of trophic cascade experiments},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {134},
	year = {2003},
	note = {J
MAR},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {578 - 586},
	abstract = {The outcome of experimental manipulations in ecology should depend on the duration of the experiment. We tested this proposition by examining the results of published trophic cascade experiments in freshwater communities and the results of our own previously unpublished pond experiment. In particular, we analyze the results of 90 published trophic cascade experiments to test the prediction that the outcome of freshwater trophic cascade experiments, in which zooplanktivorous fish are either present or absent, depends on the duration of the experiment. We present evidence that there are quantitative differences in the strength of trophic cascades among different venue types (enclosure, mesocosm, pond, and lake), but that the strength of trophic cascades does not diminish with increasing experiment duration. Despite the large number of studies, there have been few replicated studies of trophic cascades for longer than a summer field season, and none for the time required to estimate the long-term result of press perturbations. We therefore present the results of a 4-year study of trophic cascades in experimental ponds, to test the predictions that the addition of the top predator results in a sustained increase in the phytoplankton biomass. We found that, as predicted by our literature review, there was no decline in the strength of the trophic cascade as the experiment progressed},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, ecology, PREDATOR, SCALE, TOP, trophic cascade, trophic cascades},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	url = {ISI:000181582700016},
	author = {Bell,T. and Neill,W.E. and Schluter,D.}
}
@article {927,
	title = {Spatial Variation in the Strength of a Trophic Cascade Involving Ruellia nudiflora (Acanthaceae), an Insect Seed Predator and Associated Parasitoid Fauna in Mexico},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2010},
	note = {J
MAR},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {180 - 187},
	abstract = {Spatial variation in the strength of herbivore top-down control represents an important source of variation in plant fitness measures and community structure and function. By measuring seed predator (larvae of a Noctuid moth) and parasitoid impacts on Ruellia nudiflora across a broad spatial scale in Yucatan (Mexico), this study addressed the following: (1) to what extent does seed predator and parasitoid attack intensity associated with R. nudiflora vary spatially? (2) Does parasitoid attack result in a positive indirect effect on the plant, and does the intensity of this effect vary spatially? During the peak of fruit production (late June-early July) of 2005, we collected fruits from 21 R. nudiflora populations and grouped them into four regions: center, east, north and south. For each fruit we recorded: observed seed number, number of seeds eaten, seed predator presence, parasitoid presence and number of seeds {\textquoteright}{\textquoteleft}saved{\textquoteright} by parasitoids. Seed predators attacked ca 30 percent of fruits/plant on average, while parasitoids were found in 24 percent of seed predator-attacked fruits. Results indicated spatial variation in seed predator and parasitoid attack levels; interestingly, a contrasting spatial gradient of attack intensity was observed: populations/regions with greatest parasitoid attack levels usually had the lowest seed predator attack levels and vice versa, suggesting top-down control of parasitoids on seed predators. We observed a weak overall indirect impact of parasitoids on R. nudiflora (4\% seeds {\textquoteright}saved{\textquoteright} on average), which nonetheless varied strongly across populations (e.g., close to 14\% seeds saved at one population). Findings indicate a geographical structuring of interaction strengths across populations, as well as spatial variation in the strength of parasitoid cascading effects on plant reproduction},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure, GRADIENT, HERBIVORE, impact, insect, larvae, MOTH, Parasitoid, parasitoids, plant, POPULATIONS, PREDATOR, predators, SCALE, TOP-DOWN, trophic cascade},
	isbn = {0006-3606},
	url = {ISI:000275215700007},
	author = {Abdala-Roberts,L. and Parra-Tabla,V. and Salinas-Peba,L. and Diaz-Castelazo,C. and Delfin-Gonzalez,H.}
}
