@article {1045,
	title = {Assessing the consequences of global change for forest disturbance from herbivores and pathogens},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	volume = {262},
	year = {2000},
	note = {J
NOV 15},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {263 - 286},
	keywords = {CONSEQUENCES},
	url = {ISI:000165064800007},
	author = {Ayres,M.P. and Lombardero,M.J.}
}
@article {967,
	title = {How leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores, natural enemies and plant performance},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Journal
English
Article
MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD
3
APR
299ZB
COPENHAGEN
Agrawal AA Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
OIKOS
35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {70 - 80},
	abstract = {Predators and plant resistance may act together to control herbivorous arthropod populations or antagonistically, which would reduce the control of pest populations. In a field experiment we enhanced predation by adding simulated leaf domatia to plants. Leaf domatia are small structures that often harbor predaceous arthropods that are potentially beneficial to the plant. We also manipulated host plant duality by inducing resistance with controlled. early season exposure of seedlings to spider mite herbivory. Our manipulations had profound consequences for the natural community of arthropods that inhabited the plants. Leaf domatia had a direct positive effect on abundances of two species of bugs and one species of thrips, all of which are largely predators of herbivores. On leaves with domatia, each of the predators was found inside the domatia two to three times more often than outside the domatia. Eggs of predaceous bugs inside leaf domatia were protected from parasitism compared to eggs outside the domatia. The positive effects of leaf domatia on predator abundances were associated with reduced populations of herbivorous spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Plants with experimental leaf domatia showed significantly enhanced reproductive performance. Induced resistance also affected the community of arthropods. Of the abundant predators, all of which also fed on the plant, only minute pirate bugs were negatively affected by induced resistance. Populations of herbivorous spider mites and whiteflies were directly and negatively affected by induction. In contrast, aphid populations were higher on plants with induced resistance compared to uninduced plants. Effects of induced resistance and domatia were additive for each of the predators and for aphids. However, spider mite and whitefly populations were not suppressed Further by employing both induced resistance and domatia compared to each strategy alone. Our manipulations suggest that plant defense strategies can have positive effects on some species and negative effects on others. Negative effects of "resistance trails" on predators and positive effects on some herbivores may reduce the benefits of constitutive expression of resistance traits and may favor inducible defense strategies. Multiple plant strategies such as inducible resistance and morphological traits that aid in the recruitment of predators of herbivores may act together to maximize plant defenses, although they may also be redundant and not act additively},
	keywords = {BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, CONSEQUENCES, COTTON, DECIDUOUS FOREST, DEFENSE STRATEGY, FLOWER THRIPS, food webs, herbivory, HOST-PLANT, multiple, MUTUALISM, NATURAL ENEMIES, POPULATIONS, predation, PREDATOR, predators, RECRUITMENT, SEEDLINGS, SPIDER-MITES, TROPHIC LEVELS},
	isbn = {0030-1299},
	url = {ISI:000086227400008},
	author = {Agrawal,A.A. and Karban,R. and Colfer,R.G.}
}
@article {939,
	title = {Trait-initiated indirect effects due to changes in consumption rates in simple food webs},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	note = {J
APR},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1029 - 1038},
	abstract = {This article explores the potential indirect effects due to changes in consumption-related traits of a focal prey species in each of two simple food webs. The systems considered are: one predator exploiting two independent prey, and one predator exploiting two prey that use a common limiting resource. In each system, the indirect effect of a change in a consumption-related parameter of one prey species on the population density of the other prey is determined. When prey only share a predator, the change in one prey{\textquoteright}s density produced by a change in the other prey{\textquoteright}s vulnerability to the predator is determined by whether or not that second prey is initially overexploited; i.e., whether its exploiter{\textquoteright}s intake decreases with an increase in the attack rate. Increases in the vulnerability of an overexploited prey decrease the predator population and thereby indirectly increase the population size of the second prey. Increases in the vulnerability of a prey that is not overexploited have the opposite effects on both the predator and second prey populations. Both of these outcomes can be reversed by strong direct density dependence in the predator, provided the predator exhibits satiation. In the food web with a shared food and a shared resource, increases in predator vulnerability of the more vulnerable prey species always increase the population size of the more resistant prey species. However, increases in the vulnerability of the more resistant prey can either increase or decrease the population size of the more vulnerable prey species. When the more resistant prey becomes better at capturing the resource, the less resistant may either increase or decrease. Overexploitation also explains these outcomes. General principles for understanding the consequences of changes in vulnerabilities or attack rates are discussed},
	keywords = {CONSEQUENCES, DENSITY, DENSITY DEPENDENCE, DENSITY-DEPENDENCE, DEPENDENCE, food web, food webs, FOOD-WEB, indirect effects, POPULATIONS, PREDATOR, PREY, SIZE},
	isbn = {0012-9658},
	url = {ISI:000220766600014},
	author = {Abrams,P.A.}
}
@article {943,
	title = {Measuring the population-level consequences of predator-induced prey movement},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2008},
	note = {J
MAR},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {333 - 350},
	abstract = {Questions: (1) What impact does adaptive movement away from areas of high predation risk have on the dynamics of a prey species and its resource? (2) What can experiments that introduce or remove predator cues tell us about the answer to question (1)? Mathematical methods: These questions are addressed using a two-patch meta-community model in which predators and/or their cues are incorporated into a system consisting of a prey species and its resource. Predators and/or cues may be introduced to one or both patches. Key assumptions: Prey species move adaptively to maximize their instantaneous rate of increase, but also make some random movement. Predators move randomly or do not move. Resources seldom or never move between patches. Consumer species have saturating functional responses. Conclusions: (1) Adaptive movement can stabilize or destabilize the dynamics of the tri-trophic system. (2) Monitoring densities in a single patch may give a misleading indication of the global change in densities. (3) Adaptive prey movement in response to predator cues may increase or decrease prey density. (4) Predator introduction may cause an increase or decrease in the size of the prey population. (5) Short-term experiments with local measurements may greatly overestimate the impact of predators on prey and the behavioural component of that impact. (6) The dynamics and interspecific effects in a system with predators and adaptive avoidance by prey cannot in general be deduced from separate experiments with cues alone and with predators in the absence of the cues. (7) Conclusions from recent empirical studies should be reassessed in light of these results},
	keywords = {CONSEQUENCES, DYNAMICS, predation, PREDATOR, predators, PREY, RISK, SIZE},
	isbn = {1522-0613},
	url = {ISI:000256015000002},
	author = {Abrams,P.A.}
}
@article {1157,
	title = {The distribution and abundance of animal populations in a climate of uncertainty},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {118},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
AUG},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {1121 - 1126},
	abstract = {Current predictions regarding the ecological consequences of climate change on animal populations are generally autecological and species-specific, and/or non-mechanistic extrapolations of recent short-term patterns. To better understand and predict the effects of climate change on the distribution of species and the abundance of populations we offer a novel, broad theoretical framework. Climate-induced changes in trophic structure may actually be more predictable than effects on individual species. The logic is that there are general differences in climatic sensitivity among trophic levels - specifically, that as one moves up trophic levels, there is an increase in the temperature sensitivity of vital rates. More precisely, we provide: (1) a formal mathematical definition of distribution limits that is both operational and conceptual, introducing the concept DL50, defined as the geographic and climatic isoline representing an equilibrium occupancy of half of the suitable habitats; (2) a matrix of the possible changes in trophic structure from climate change and the general theoretical consequences; and (3) a new idea that predicts broad effects of climatic warming on trophic systems. Our intention is to help meet the challenge of developing and testing general theoretical models that can predict which species will be winners and losers in ecological time, which evolutionary traits will be favoured or selected against, and what will be consequences for ecosystem structure and function},
	keywords = {ABUNDANCE, CLIMATE-CHANGE, CONSEQUENCES, PATTERNS, POPULATIONS, TROPHIC LEVELS},
	isbn = {0030-1299},
	url = {ISI:000268535300001},
	author = {Berggren,A. and Bjorkman,C. and Bylund,H. and Ayres,M.P.}
}
@article {1051,
	title = {From genes to ecosystems: a synthesis of the effects of plant genetic factors across levels of organization},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {364},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
JUN 12},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {1607 - 1616},
	abstract = {Using two genetic approaches and seven different plant systems, we present findings from a metaanalysis examining the strength of the effects of plant genetic introgression and genotypic diversity across individual, community and ecosystem levels with the goal of synthesizing the patterns to date. We found that (i) the strength of plant genetic effects can be quite high; however, the overall strength of genetic effects on most response variables declined as the levels of organization increased. (ii) Plant genetic effects varied such that introgression had a greater impact on individual phenotypes than extended effects on arthropods or microbes/fungi. By contrast, the greatest effects of genotypic diversity were on arthropods. (iii) Plant genetic effects were greater on above-ground versus below-ground processes, but there was no difference between terrestrial and aquatic environments. (iv) The strength of the effects of intraspecific genotypic diversity tended to be weaker than interspecific genetic introgression. (v) Although genetic effects generally decline across levels of organization, in some cases they do not, suggesting that specific organisms and/or processes may respond more than others to underlying genetic variation. Because patterns in the overall impacts of introgression and genotypic diversity were generally consistent across diverse study systems and consistent with theoretical expectations, these results provide generality for understanding the extended consequences of plant genetic variation across levels of organization, with evolutionary implications},
	keywords = {ARTHROPODS, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, CONSEQUENCES, GENE, PATTERNS},
	isbn = {0962-8436},
	url = {ISI:000265732200012},
	author = {Bailey,J.K. and Schweitzer,J.A. and Ubeda,F. and Koricheva,J. and Leroy,C.J. and Madritch,M.D. and Rehill,B.J. and Bangert,R.K. and Fischer,D.G. and Allan,G.J. and Whitham,T.G.}
}
