@article {967,
	title = {How leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores, natural enemies and plant performance},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Journal
English
Article
MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD
3
APR
299ZB
COPENHAGEN
Agrawal AA Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
OIKOS
35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {70 - 80},
	abstract = {Predators and plant resistance may act together to control herbivorous arthropod populations or antagonistically, which would reduce the control of pest populations. In a field experiment we enhanced predation by adding simulated leaf domatia to plants. Leaf domatia are small structures that often harbor predaceous arthropods that are potentially beneficial to the plant. We also manipulated host plant duality by inducing resistance with controlled. early season exposure of seedlings to spider mite herbivory. Our manipulations had profound consequences for the natural community of arthropods that inhabited the plants. Leaf domatia had a direct positive effect on abundances of two species of bugs and one species of thrips, all of which are largely predators of herbivores. On leaves with domatia, each of the predators was found inside the domatia two to three times more often than outside the domatia. Eggs of predaceous bugs inside leaf domatia were protected from parasitism compared to eggs outside the domatia. The positive effects of leaf domatia on predator abundances were associated with reduced populations of herbivorous spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Plants with experimental leaf domatia showed significantly enhanced reproductive performance. Induced resistance also affected the community of arthropods. Of the abundant predators, all of which also fed on the plant, only minute pirate bugs were negatively affected by induced resistance. Populations of herbivorous spider mites and whiteflies were directly and negatively affected by induction. In contrast, aphid populations were higher on plants with induced resistance compared to uninduced plants. Effects of induced resistance and domatia were additive for each of the predators and for aphids. However, spider mite and whitefly populations were not suppressed Further by employing both induced resistance and domatia compared to each strategy alone. Our manipulations suggest that plant defense strategies can have positive effects on some species and negative effects on others. Negative effects of "resistance trails" on predators and positive effects on some herbivores may reduce the benefits of constitutive expression of resistance traits and may favor inducible defense strategies. Multiple plant strategies such as inducible resistance and morphological traits that aid in the recruitment of predators of herbivores may act together to maximize plant defenses, although they may also be redundant and not act additively},
	keywords = {BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, CONSEQUENCES, COTTON, DECIDUOUS FOREST, DEFENSE STRATEGY, FLOWER THRIPS, food webs, herbivory, HOST-PLANT, multiple, MUTUALISM, NATURAL ENEMIES, POPULATIONS, predation, PREDATOR, predators, RECRUITMENT, SEEDLINGS, SPIDER-MITES, TROPHIC LEVELS},
	isbn = {0030-1299},
	url = {ISI:000086227400008},
	author = {Agrawal,A.A. and Karban,R. and Colfer,R.G.}
}
@article {955,
	title = {Bayesian methods for evidence synthesis in cost-effectiveness analysis},
	journal = {Pharmacoeconomics},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2006},
	note = {J},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {1 - 19},
	abstract = {Recently, health systems internationally have begun to use cost-effectiveness research as formal inputs into decisions about which interventions and programmes should be funded from collective resources. This process has raised some important methodological questions for this area of research. This paper considers one set of issues related to the synthesis of effectiveness evidence for use in decision-analytic cost-effectiveness (CE) models, namely the need for the synthesis of all sources of available evidence, although these may not {\textquoteright}fit neatly{\textquoteright} into a CE model. Commonly encountered problems include the absence of head-to-head trial evidence comparing all options under comparison, the presence of multiple endpoints from trials and different follow-up periods. Full evidence synthesis for CE analysis also needs to consider treatment effects between patient subpopulations and the use of nonrandomised evidence. Bayesian statistical methods represent a valuable set of analytical tools to utilise indirect evidence and can make a powerful contribution to the decision-analytic approach to CE analysis. This paper provides a worked example and a general overview of these methods with particular emphasis on their use in economic evaluation},
	keywords = {multiple},
	isbn = {1170-7690},
	url = {ISI:000235672100001},
	author = {Ades,A.E. and Sculpher,M. and Sutton,A. and Abrams,K. and Cooper,N. and Welton,N. and Lu,G.B.}
}
@article {1067,
	title = {Trade-offs between direct and indirect defences of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)},
	journal = {Journal of Ecology},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2008},
	note = {J
SEP},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {971 - 980},
	abstract = {1. Plant defence theory predicts trade-offs among defence traits as a result of resource limitation or pleiotropic effects. Although theoretically widely accepted, empirical demonstrations of such trade-offs are surprisingly scarce and mechanistic explanations are usually lacking. 2. We quantified cyanogenesis (the release of hydrogen cyanide (HCN)) as a direct defence and the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as an indirect defence against herbivores. To elucidate whether the trade-offs occur at the genetic or phenotypic level we investigated cultivated and wild-type accessions of lima bean (Fabaceae: Phaseolus lunatus L.) and compared different leaf developmental stages. Genetic relationships among the accessions were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. 3. Cyanogenesis and the release of VOCs differed significantly among the accessions and were negatively correlated: high cyanogenic accessions released low amounts of VOCs and vice versa. The same remained true for the ontogenetic stages, since primary leaves of all accessions hardly ever produced HCN at all, yet regularly showed high release rates of VOCs. 4. Low and high cyanogenic accessions of lima bean formed distinct clades in an AFLP-based dendrogram, while wild-types and cultivars did not separate. The first pattern indicates that the underlying defensive syndromes are genetically conserved, while the latter is likely to be caused by a multiple origin of cultivated lima beans or an extensive gene flow among cultivated and wild plants. 5. Synthesis. Trade-offs between cynogenesis and VOC release were obvious both between accessions and at the ontogenetic level, and thus cannot be explained by pleiotropy. We contend that allocation restrictions and/or adaptations to different enemy pressures are most likely to explain why lima bean can invest into cyanogenesis or VOCs, but not both},
	keywords = {ADAPTATION, multiple, PLANTS, theory, TRADE-OFFS},
	isbn = {0022-0477},
	url = {ISI:000258379800015},
	author = {Ballhorn,D.J. and Kautz,S. and Lion,U. and Heil,M.}
}
