@article {1069,
	title = {Plant allelochemicals and insect parasitoids effects of nicotine on Cotesia-congregata (say) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) and Hyposoter annulipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1986},
	note = {J
JUN},
	month = {1986///},
	pages = {1319 - 1328},
	keywords = {allelochemical, allelochemicals, HYMENOPTERA, insect, parasitoids},
	url = {ISI:A1986D158200009},
	author = {Barbosa,P. and Saunders,J.A. and Kemper,J. and Trumbule,R. and Olechno,J. and Martinat,P.}
}
@inbook {982,
	title = {Dry season strategies of two Panamanian butterfly species, Anartia fatima (Nymphalinae) and Pierella luna luna (Satyrinae) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).},
	booktitle = {Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected Studies.},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	pages = {573 - 575},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	keywords = {BUTTERFLIES, insect, INSECTS, LEPIDOPTERA, NYMPHALIDAE, Panama},
	author = {Aiello,A.},
	editor = {Quintero Arias,D. and Aiello,A.}
}
@article {1102,
	title = {Insects on plants: Macroevolutionary chemical trends in host use},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {276},
	year = {1997},
	note = {J
APR 11},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {253 - 256},
	keywords = {insect, INSECTS, PLANTS},
	url = {ISI:A1997WT92500045},
	author = {Becerra,J.X.}
}
@article {1172,
	title = {Evolution of feeding behavior in insect herbivores - Success seen as different ways to eat without being eaten},
	journal = {Bioscience},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Journal
JAN
YM059
BIOSCIENCE},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {35 - 44},
	keywords = {EVOLUTION, insect, insect herbivores},
	url = {ISI:000071023800008},
	author = {Bernays,E.A.}
}
@article {1173,
	title = {Taste sensitivity of insect herbivores to deterrents is greater in specialists than in generalists: A behavioral test of the hypothesis with two closely related caterpillars},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Journal
FEB
285PT
J CHEM ECOL},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {547 - 563},
	keywords = {CATERPILLAR, CATERPILLARS, insect, insect herbivores, SPECIALISTS},
	url = {ISI:000085398000017},
	author = {Bernays,E.A. and Oppenheim,S. and Chapman,R.F. and Kwon,H. and Gould,F.}
}
@article {1108,
	title = {Inhibition of the larval ecdysis and emergence behavior of the parasitoid Cotesia congregata by methoprene},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Journal
JUL
586WQ
J INSECT PHYSIOL},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {725 - 732},
	keywords = {insect},
	url = {ISI:000177609500007},
	author = {Beckage,N.E. and Foreman,R.C. and Palmatier,C.M. and Tan,F.F.}
}
@article {1174,
	title = {Neural limitations in phytophagous insects: Implications for diet breadth and evolution of host affiliation},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Journal
418EE
ANNU REV ENTOMOL},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {703 - 727},
	keywords = {EVOLUTION, insect, INSECTS, PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS},
	url = {ISI:000167877300024},
	author = {Bernays,E.A.}
}
@article {1155,
	title = {Predation-mediated mortality of early life stages: A field experiment with nymphs of an herbivorous stick insect (Metriophasma diocles)},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2004},
	note = {J
SEP},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {424 - 428},
	keywords = {insect, MORTALITY},
	url = {ISI:000223742800018},
	author = {Berger,J.R. and Wirth,R.}
}
@article {997,
	title = {Argentine ants strongly affect some but not all common insects on Baccharis halimifolia},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2006},
	note = {J
FEB},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {31 - 36},
	keywords = {ANT, ants, insect, INSECTS},
	url = {ISI:000235402700004},
	author = {Altfeld,L. and Stiling,P.}
}
@article {998,
	title = {Argentine ants strongly affect some but not all common insects on Baccharis halimifolia},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2006},
	note = {J
FEB},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {31 - 36},
	keywords = {ANT, ants, insect, INSECTS},
	url = {ISI:000235402700004},
	author = {Altfeld,L. and Stiling,P.}
}
@article {999,
	title = {Argentine ants strongly affect some but not all common insects on Baccharis halimifolia},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2006},
	note = {J
FEB},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {31 - 36},
	keywords = {ANT, ants, insect, INSECTS},
	url = {ISI:000235402700004},
	author = {Altfeld,L. and Stiling,P.}
}
@article {1011,
	title = {Potential host colonization by insect herbivores in a warmer climate: a transplant experiment},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	note = {J
AUG},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {1539 - 1549},
	keywords = {insect, insect herbivores},
	isbn = {1354-1013},
	url = {ISI:000248959400001},
	author = {Andrew,N.R. and Hughes,L.}
}
@article {950,
	title = {Do tropical forest leaves suffer more insect herbivory? A comparison of tropical versus temperate herbivory, estimated from leaf litter},
	journal = {Ecological Research},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
NOV},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {1381 - 1392},
	abstract = {It is generally believed that tropical forests suffer more herbivory, as a proportion of leaf area, than do temperate forests. Reviews so far have compared studies performed by different authors using very different methodologies. Here we carried out studies on 125 samples at 86 localities in eastern North America and on 75 samples taken at five localities in Malaysia and Singapore, including both mature secondary and primary forest. Samples in North America were spread over 3 years. In tropical Asia, the samples were taken at four time slices at least 8 months apart, scattered over a 4-year period. Total herbivore damage during the lifetime of tree leaves was estimated from the percentage area damaged in recently fallen, undecayed leaves from the forest floor, using scanner-linked software. In terms of percentage damage per leaf, the results suggest that lowland tropical forest has significantly higher leaf herbivory (5.82\%) than temperate forest (5.48\%). This is in accord with the general expectation that aseasonal tropical forests should have more herbivory damage. However, when percentage damage {\textquoteright}per unit time of growing season{\textquoteright} is calculated based on an estimate of leaf lifetime in the tropics, tropical lowland herbivory damage turns out to be a fraction (about one half) of that in the temperate zone. Thus, these results tend to put in question the widely held view that herbivore damage is markedly more intense in the tropics. Over total leaf lifetime, the intensity of damage in the tropical area is only slightly higher than temperate regions. In terms of intensity of herbivory on leaves per unit of time, the opposite seems to be the case. It is uncertain which index should be taken as more significant in interpreting the selection pressure for anti-herbivore defenses in the tropics},
	keywords = {DAMAGE, defense, FOREST, herbivory, insect, LOWLAND TROPICAL FOREST},
	isbn = {0912-3814},
	url = {ISI:000270837500023},
	author = {Adams,J.M. and Zhang,Y.J. and Basri,M. and Shukor,N.}
}
@article {1052,
	title = {Host Niches and Defensive Extended Phenotypes Structure Parasitoid Wasp Communities},
	journal = {Plos Biology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
AUG},
	month = {2009///},
	abstract = {Oak galls are spectacular extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes in host oak tissues and have evolved complex morphologies that serve, in part, to exclude parasitoid natural enemies. Parasitoids and their insect herbivore hosts have coevolved to produce diverse communities comprising about a third of all animal species. The factors structuring these communities, however, remain poorly understood. An emerging theme in community ecology is the need to consider the effects of host traits, shaped by both natural selection and phylogenetic history, on associated communities of natural enemies. Here we examine the impact of host traits and phylogenetic relatedness on 48 ecologically closed and species-rich communities of parasitoids attacking gall-inducing wasps on oaks. Gallwasps induce the development of spectacular and structurally complex galls whose species- and generation-specific morphologies are the extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes. All the associated natural enemies attack their concealed hosts through gall tissues, and several structural gall traits have been shown to enhance defence against parasitoid attack. Here we explore the significance of these and other host traits in predicting variation in parasitoid community structure across gallwasp species. In particular, we test the "Enemy Hypothesis,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} which predicts that galls with similar morphology will exclude similar sets of parasitoids and therefore have similar parasitoid communities. Having controlled for phylogenetic patterning in host traits and communities, we found significant correlations between parasitoid community structure and several gall structural traits (toughness, hairiness, stickiness), supporting the Enemy Hypothesis. Parasitoid community structure was also consistently predicted by components of the hosts{\textquoteright} spatiotemporal niche, particularly host oak taxonomy and gall location (e.g., leaf versus bud versus seed). The combined explanatory power of structural and spatiotemporal traits on community structure can be high, reaching 62\% in one analysis. The observed patterns derive mainly from partial niche specialisation of highly generalist parasitoids with broad host ranges (>20 hosts), rather than strict separation of enemies with narrower host ranges, and so may contribute to maintenance of the richness of generalist parasitoids in gallwasp communities. Though evolutionary escape from parasitoids might most effectively be achieved via changes in host oak taxon, extreme conservatism in this trait for gallwasps suggests that selection is more likely to have acted on gall morphology and location. Any escape from parasitoids associated with evolutionary shifts in these traits has probably only been transient, however, due to subsequent recruitment of parasitoid species already attacking other host galls with similar trait combinations},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure, development, ecology, GENE, HISTORY, insect, NATURAL ENEMIES, parasitoids, PATTERNS, RECRUITMENT},
	isbn = {1544-9173},
	url = {ISI:000269226300007},
	author = {Bailey,R. and Schonrogge,K. and Cook,J.M. and Melika,G. and Csoka,G. and Thuroczy,C. and Stone,G.N.}
}
@article {958,
	title = {How specialists can be generalists: resolving the "parasite paradox" and implications for emerging infectious disease},
	journal = {Zoologia},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2010},
	note = {J
APR},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {151 - 162},
	abstract = {The parasite paradox arises from the dual observations that parasites (broadly construed, including phytophagous insects) are resource specialists with restricted host ranges, and yet shifts onto relatively unrelated hosts are common in the phylogenetic diversification of parasite lineages and directly observable in ecological time. We synthesize the emerging solution to this paradox: phenotypic flexibility and phylogenetic conservatism in traits related to resource use, grouped under the term ecological fitting, provide substantial opportunities for rapid host switching in changing environments, in the absence of the evolution of novel host-utilization capabilities. We discuss mechanisms behind ecological fitting, its implications for defining specialists and generalists, and briefly review empirical examples of host shifts in the context of ecological fitting. We conclude that host shifts via ecological fitting provide the fuel for the expansion phase of the recently proposed oscillation hypothesis of host range and speciation, and, more generally, the generation of novel combinations of interacting species within the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution. Finally, we conclude that taxon pulses, driven by climate change and large-scale ecological perturbation are drivers of biotic mixing and resultant ecological fitting, which leads to increased rates of rapid host switching, including the agents of Emerging Infectious Disease},
	keywords = {Climate change, CLIMATE-CHANGE, coevolution, EVOLUTION, HYPOTHESIS, insect, INSECTS, PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS, SPECIALISTS, speciation, theory},
	isbn = {1984-4670},
	url = {ISI:000277490100001},
	author = {Agosta,S.J. and Janz,N. and Brooks,D.R.}
}
@article {927,
	title = {Spatial Variation in the Strength of a Trophic Cascade Involving Ruellia nudiflora (Acanthaceae), an Insect Seed Predator and Associated Parasitoid Fauna in Mexico},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2010},
	note = {J
MAR},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {180 - 187},
	abstract = {Spatial variation in the strength of herbivore top-down control represents an important source of variation in plant fitness measures and community structure and function. By measuring seed predator (larvae of a Noctuid moth) and parasitoid impacts on Ruellia nudiflora across a broad spatial scale in Yucatan (Mexico), this study addressed the following: (1) to what extent does seed predator and parasitoid attack intensity associated with R. nudiflora vary spatially? (2) Does parasitoid attack result in a positive indirect effect on the plant, and does the intensity of this effect vary spatially? During the peak of fruit production (late June-early July) of 2005, we collected fruits from 21 R. nudiflora populations and grouped them into four regions: center, east, north and south. For each fruit we recorded: observed seed number, number of seeds eaten, seed predator presence, parasitoid presence and number of seeds {\textquoteright}{\textquoteleft}saved{\textquoteright} by parasitoids. Seed predators attacked ca 30 percent of fruits/plant on average, while parasitoids were found in 24 percent of seed predator-attacked fruits. Results indicated spatial variation in seed predator and parasitoid attack levels; interestingly, a contrasting spatial gradient of attack intensity was observed: populations/regions with greatest parasitoid attack levels usually had the lowest seed predator attack levels and vice versa, suggesting top-down control of parasitoids on seed predators. We observed a weak overall indirect impact of parasitoids on R. nudiflora (4\% seeds {\textquoteright}saved{\textquoteright} on average), which nonetheless varied strongly across populations (e.g., close to 14\% seeds saved at one population). Findings indicate a geographical structuring of interaction strengths across populations, as well as spatial variation in the strength of parasitoid cascading effects on plant reproduction},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure, GRADIENT, HERBIVORE, impact, insect, larvae, MOTH, Parasitoid, parasitoids, plant, POPULATIONS, PREDATOR, predators, SCALE, TOP-DOWN, trophic cascade},
	isbn = {0006-3606},
	url = {ISI:000275215700007},
	author = {Abdala-Roberts,L. and Parra-Tabla,V. and Salinas-Peba,L. and Diaz-Castelazo,C. and Delfin-Gonzalez,H.}
}
