@article {1051,
	title = {From genes to ecosystems: a synthesis of the effects of plant genetic factors across levels of organization},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {364},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
JUN 12},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {1607 - 1616},
	abstract = {Using two genetic approaches and seven different plant systems, we present findings from a metaanalysis examining the strength of the effects of plant genetic introgression and genotypic diversity across individual, community and ecosystem levels with the goal of synthesizing the patterns to date. We found that (i) the strength of plant genetic effects can be quite high; however, the overall strength of genetic effects on most response variables declined as the levels of organization increased. (ii) Plant genetic effects varied such that introgression had a greater impact on individual phenotypes than extended effects on arthropods or microbes/fungi. By contrast, the greatest effects of genotypic diversity were on arthropods. (iii) Plant genetic effects were greater on above-ground versus below-ground processes, but there was no difference between terrestrial and aquatic environments. (iv) The strength of the effects of intraspecific genotypic diversity tended to be weaker than interspecific genetic introgression. (v) Although genetic effects generally decline across levels of organization, in some cases they do not, suggesting that specific organisms and/or processes may respond more than others to underlying genetic variation. Because patterns in the overall impacts of introgression and genotypic diversity were generally consistent across diverse study systems and consistent with theoretical expectations, these results provide generality for understanding the extended consequences of plant genetic variation across levels of organization, with evolutionary implications},
	keywords = {ARTHROPODS, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, CONSEQUENCES, GENE, PATTERNS},
	isbn = {0962-8436},
	url = {ISI:000265732200012},
	author = {Bailey,J.K. and Schweitzer,J.A. and Ubeda,F. and Koricheva,J. and Leroy,C.J. and Madritch,M.D. and Rehill,B.J. and Bangert,R.K. and Fischer,D.G. and Allan,G.J. and Whitham,T.G.}
}
@article {1052,
	title = {Host Niches and Defensive Extended Phenotypes Structure Parasitoid Wasp Communities},
	journal = {Plos Biology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
AUG},
	month = {2009///},
	abstract = {Oak galls are spectacular extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes in host oak tissues and have evolved complex morphologies that serve, in part, to exclude parasitoid natural enemies. Parasitoids and their insect herbivore hosts have coevolved to produce diverse communities comprising about a third of all animal species. The factors structuring these communities, however, remain poorly understood. An emerging theme in community ecology is the need to consider the effects of host traits, shaped by both natural selection and phylogenetic history, on associated communities of natural enemies. Here we examine the impact of host traits and phylogenetic relatedness on 48 ecologically closed and species-rich communities of parasitoids attacking gall-inducing wasps on oaks. Gallwasps induce the development of spectacular and structurally complex galls whose species- and generation-specific morphologies are the extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes. All the associated natural enemies attack their concealed hosts through gall tissues, and several structural gall traits have been shown to enhance defence against parasitoid attack. Here we explore the significance of these and other host traits in predicting variation in parasitoid community structure across gallwasp species. In particular, we test the "Enemy Hypothesis,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} which predicts that galls with similar morphology will exclude similar sets of parasitoids and therefore have similar parasitoid communities. Having controlled for phylogenetic patterning in host traits and communities, we found significant correlations between parasitoid community structure and several gall structural traits (toughness, hairiness, stickiness), supporting the Enemy Hypothesis. Parasitoid community structure was also consistently predicted by components of the hosts{\textquoteright} spatiotemporal niche, particularly host oak taxonomy and gall location (e.g., leaf versus bud versus seed). The combined explanatory power of structural and spatiotemporal traits on community structure can be high, reaching 62\% in one analysis. The observed patterns derive mainly from partial niche specialisation of highly generalist parasitoids with broad host ranges (>20 hosts), rather than strict separation of enemies with narrower host ranges, and so may contribute to maintenance of the richness of generalist parasitoids in gallwasp communities. Though evolutionary escape from parasitoids might most effectively be achieved via changes in host oak taxon, extreme conservatism in this trait for gallwasps suggests that selection is more likely to have acted on gall morphology and location. Any escape from parasitoids associated with evolutionary shifts in these traits has probably only been transient, however, due to subsequent recruitment of parasitoid species already attacking other host galls with similar trait combinations},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure, development, ecology, GENE, HISTORY, insect, NATURAL ENEMIES, parasitoids, PATTERNS, RECRUITMENT},
	isbn = {1544-9173},
	url = {ISI:000269226300007},
	author = {Bailey,R. and Schonrogge,K. and Cook,J.M. and Melika,G. and Csoka,G. and Thuroczy,C. and Stone,G.N.}
}
