@article {1120,
	title = {The effect of temporal scale on the outcome of trophic cascade experiments},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {134},
	year = {2003},
	note = {J
MAR},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {578 - 586},
	abstract = {The outcome of experimental manipulations in ecology should depend on the duration of the experiment. We tested this proposition by examining the results of published trophic cascade experiments in freshwater communities and the results of our own previously unpublished pond experiment. In particular, we analyze the results of 90 published trophic cascade experiments to test the prediction that the outcome of freshwater trophic cascade experiments, in which zooplanktivorous fish are either present or absent, depends on the duration of the experiment. We present evidence that there are quantitative differences in the strength of trophic cascades among different venue types (enclosure, mesocosm, pond, and lake), but that the strength of trophic cascades does not diminish with increasing experiment duration. Despite the large number of studies, there have been few replicated studies of trophic cascades for longer than a summer field season, and none for the time required to estimate the long-term result of press perturbations. We therefore present the results of a 4-year study of trophic cascades in experimental ponds, to test the predictions that the addition of the top predator results in a sustained increase in the phytoplankton biomass. We found that, as predicted by our literature review, there was no decline in the strength of the trophic cascade as the experiment progressed},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, ecology, PREDATOR, SCALE, TOP, trophic cascade, trophic cascades},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	url = {ISI:000181582700016},
	author = {Bell,T. and Neill,W.E. and Schluter,D.}
}
@article {988,
	title = {Reappraisal of the role of big, fierce predators!},
	journal = {Biodiversity and conservation},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2008},
	note = {J
APR},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {685 - 690},
	abstract = {The suggestion in the early 20th century that top predators were a necessary component of ecosystems because they hold herbivore populations in check and promote biodiversity was at first accepted and then largely rejected. With the advent of Evolutionary Ecology and a more full appreciation of direct and indirect effects of top predators, this role of top predators is again gaining acceptance. The previous views were predicated upon lethal effects of predators but largely overlooked their non-lethal effects. We suggest that conceptual advances coupled with an increased use of experiments have convincingly demonstrated that prey experience costs that transcend the obvious cost of death. Prey species use adaptive behaviours to avoid predators, and these behaviours are not cost-free. With predation risk, prey species greatly restrict their use of available habitats and consumption of available food resources. Effects of top predators consequently cascade down to the trophic levels below them. Top predators, the biggies, are thus both the targets of and the means for conservation at the landscape scale},
	keywords = {biodiversity, ecology, indirect effects, POPULATIONS, predation, PREDATOR, predators, PREY, RISK, TOP, TROPHIC LEVELS},
	isbn = {0960-3115},
	url = {ISI:000254360200001},
	author = {Ale,S.B. and Whelan,C.J.}
}
