@article {1115,
	title = {Restructuring of Lepidoptera communities by introduced Vespula wasps in a New Zealand beech forest},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {119},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Journal
English
Article
SPRINGER VERLAG
3
JUN
210WU
NEW YORK
Beggs JR Landcare Res, Private Bag 6, Nelson, New Zealand
OECOLOGIA
175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {565 - 571},
	abstract = {Introduced social wasps (Vespula vulgaris) reach high densities in some New Zealand beech forests, because honeydew provides an abundant high-energy food source. We manipulated wasp density to estimate an "ecological damage threshold" for large, free- living Lepidoptera larvae. There will be a continuum of ecological damage thresholds for wasp density depending on the prey species or habitat. Experimentally placed small caterpillars had a significantly higher survival rate than large caterpillars, and the survival rate of both groups decreased with increasing wasp density. Spring-occurring caterpillars have a probability of surviving of 0.90-0.95, assuming wasps are the only source of mortality. However, at the peak of the wasp season we predict caterpillars would have virtually no chance (probability of 10(-78) to 10(-40)) of surviving to adults. Wasp abundance must be reduced by at least 88\% to conserve the more vulnerable species of free-living caterpillars at wasp densities similar to those observed in our study sites. This equates to a damage threshold of 2.7 wasps per Malaise trap per day. It was exceeded for about 5 months of the year in non-poisoned sites. There are currently no biological or chemical control techniques available in New Zealand that will reduce wasp abundance below this damage threshold throughout the year. Our models show that most Lepidoptera with spring caterpillars will be able to persist, but species with caterpillars occurring in the peak wasp season will be eliminated},
	keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BRACKEN, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, DAMAGE, ecological impact, EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES, HYMENOPTERA, INSECTS, larvae, LEPIDOPTERA, MORTALITY, phenology, POPULATIONS, predation, PREY, shared predator, SPHECOPHAGA-VESPARUM-VESPARUM, VESPIDAE, Vespula, VULGARIS, ZEALAND BEECH FOREST},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	url = {ISI:000081128300012},
	author = {Beggs,J.R. and Rees,J.S.}
}
@article {1155,
	title = {Predation-mediated mortality of early life stages: A field experiment with nymphs of an herbivorous stick insect (Metriophasma diocles)},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2004},
	note = {J
SEP},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {424 - 428},
	keywords = {insect, MORTALITY},
	url = {ISI:000223742800018},
	author = {Berger,J.R. and Wirth,R.}
}
@article {941,
	title = {Does competition between resources change the competition between their consumers to mutualism? Variations on two themes by Vandermeer},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	volume = {170},
	year = {2007},
	note = {J
NOV},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {744 - 757},
	abstract = {How does competition between resources affect the interaction between consumer species that share those resources? Existing theory suggests that high resource competition can lead to mutualism. However, this is based on an analysis that need only apply near equilibrium, and experimental demonstrations of such mutualism are rare. Two alternative approaches to measuring food web mutualism are examined here. These are based on the population level effects of adding or removing a consumer species or on the amount of additional mortality that can be applied to one consumer without excluding it. Both measures suggest that mutualism is likely to be confined to two situations: when overlap in resource use by the consumers is very low and when the consumers are inefficient users of their resources. Competition between resources is also likely to increase the occurrence and magnitude of "hypercompetition" between consumers, where the reduction in population size caused by the introduced consumer is greater than that caused by a consumer that is identical to the resident species. Competition between resources can also increase the negative interaction between consumers by destabilizing the dynamics of the system. Such destabilization can cause negative indirect interactions between specialist consumers having no overlap in resource use},
	keywords = {COMPETITION, DYNAMICS, indirect interactions, interactions, MORTALITY, MUTUALISM, SIZE, theory},
	isbn = {0003-0147},
	url = {ISI:000249981500009},
	author = {Abrams,P.A. and Nakajima,M.}
}
