@article {1152,
	title = {The effects of grazers on the performance of individuals and populations of scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata.},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {90},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	pages = {435 - 444},
	keywords = {grazers, POPULATIONS},
	author = {Bergelson,J. and Crawley,M.J.}
}
@article {967,
	title = {How leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores, natural enemies and plant performance},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Journal
English
Article
MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD
3
APR
299ZB
COPENHAGEN
Agrawal AA Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
OIKOS
35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {70 - 80},
	abstract = {Predators and plant resistance may act together to control herbivorous arthropod populations or antagonistically, which would reduce the control of pest populations. In a field experiment we enhanced predation by adding simulated leaf domatia to plants. Leaf domatia are small structures that often harbor predaceous arthropods that are potentially beneficial to the plant. We also manipulated host plant duality by inducing resistance with controlled. early season exposure of seedlings to spider mite herbivory. Our manipulations had profound consequences for the natural community of arthropods that inhabited the plants. Leaf domatia had a direct positive effect on abundances of two species of bugs and one species of thrips, all of which are largely predators of herbivores. On leaves with domatia, each of the predators was found inside the domatia two to three times more often than outside the domatia. Eggs of predaceous bugs inside leaf domatia were protected from parasitism compared to eggs outside the domatia. The positive effects of leaf domatia on predator abundances were associated with reduced populations of herbivorous spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Plants with experimental leaf domatia showed significantly enhanced reproductive performance. Induced resistance also affected the community of arthropods. Of the abundant predators, all of which also fed on the plant, only minute pirate bugs were negatively affected by induced resistance. Populations of herbivorous spider mites and whiteflies were directly and negatively affected by induction. In contrast, aphid populations were higher on plants with induced resistance compared to uninduced plants. Effects of induced resistance and domatia were additive for each of the predators and for aphids. However, spider mite and whitefly populations were not suppressed Further by employing both induced resistance and domatia compared to each strategy alone. Our manipulations suggest that plant defense strategies can have positive effects on some species and negative effects on others. Negative effects of "resistance trails" on predators and positive effects on some herbivores may reduce the benefits of constitutive expression of resistance traits and may favor inducible defense strategies. Multiple plant strategies such as inducible resistance and morphological traits that aid in the recruitment of predators of herbivores may act together to maximize plant defenses, although they may also be redundant and not act additively},
	keywords = {BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, CONSEQUENCES, COTTON, DECIDUOUS FOREST, DEFENSE STRATEGY, FLOWER THRIPS, food webs, herbivory, HOST-PLANT, multiple, MUTUALISM, NATURAL ENEMIES, POPULATIONS, predation, PREDATOR, predators, RECRUITMENT, SEEDLINGS, SPIDER-MITES, TROPHIC LEVELS},
	isbn = {0030-1299},
	url = {ISI:000086227400008},
	author = {Agrawal,A.A. and Karban,R. and Colfer,R.G.}
}
@article {1115,
	title = {Restructuring of Lepidoptera communities by introduced Vespula wasps in a New Zealand beech forest},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {119},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Journal
English
Article
SPRINGER VERLAG
3
JUN
210WU
NEW YORK
Beggs JR Landcare Res, Private Bag 6, Nelson, New Zealand
OECOLOGIA
175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {565 - 571},
	abstract = {Introduced social wasps (Vespula vulgaris) reach high densities in some New Zealand beech forests, because honeydew provides an abundant high-energy food source. We manipulated wasp density to estimate an "ecological damage threshold" for large, free- living Lepidoptera larvae. There will be a continuum of ecological damage thresholds for wasp density depending on the prey species or habitat. Experimentally placed small caterpillars had a significantly higher survival rate than large caterpillars, and the survival rate of both groups decreased with increasing wasp density. Spring-occurring caterpillars have a probability of surviving of 0.90-0.95, assuming wasps are the only source of mortality. However, at the peak of the wasp season we predict caterpillars would have virtually no chance (probability of 10(-78) to 10(-40)) of surviving to adults. Wasp abundance must be reduced by at least 88\% to conserve the more vulnerable species of free-living caterpillars at wasp densities similar to those observed in our study sites. This equates to a damage threshold of 2.7 wasps per Malaise trap per day. It was exceeded for about 5 months of the year in non-poisoned sites. There are currently no biological or chemical control techniques available in New Zealand that will reduce wasp abundance below this damage threshold throughout the year. Our models show that most Lepidoptera with spring caterpillars will be able to persist, but species with caterpillars occurring in the peak wasp season will be eliminated},
	keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BRACKEN, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, DAMAGE, ecological impact, EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES, HYMENOPTERA, INSECTS, larvae, LEPIDOPTERA, MORTALITY, phenology, POPULATIONS, predation, PREY, shared predator, SPHECOPHAGA-VESPARUM-VESPARUM, VESPIDAE, Vespula, VULGARIS, ZEALAND BEECH FOREST},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	url = {ISI:000081128300012},
	author = {Beggs,J.R. and Rees,J.S.}
}
@article {939,
	title = {Trait-initiated indirect effects due to changes in consumption rates in simple food webs},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	note = {J
APR},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1029 - 1038},
	abstract = {This article explores the potential indirect effects due to changes in consumption-related traits of a focal prey species in each of two simple food webs. The systems considered are: one predator exploiting two independent prey, and one predator exploiting two prey that use a common limiting resource. In each system, the indirect effect of a change in a consumption-related parameter of one prey species on the population density of the other prey is determined. When prey only share a predator, the change in one prey{\textquoteright}s density produced by a change in the other prey{\textquoteright}s vulnerability to the predator is determined by whether or not that second prey is initially overexploited; i.e., whether its exploiter{\textquoteright}s intake decreases with an increase in the attack rate. Increases in the vulnerability of an overexploited prey decrease the predator population and thereby indirectly increase the population size of the second prey. Increases in the vulnerability of a prey that is not overexploited have the opposite effects on both the predator and second prey populations. Both of these outcomes can be reversed by strong direct density dependence in the predator, provided the predator exhibits satiation. In the food web with a shared food and a shared resource, increases in predator vulnerability of the more vulnerable prey species always increase the population size of the more resistant prey species. However, increases in the vulnerability of the more resistant prey can either increase or decrease the population size of the more vulnerable prey species. When the more resistant prey becomes better at capturing the resource, the less resistant may either increase or decrease. Overexploitation also explains these outcomes. General principles for understanding the consequences of changes in vulnerabilities or attack rates are discussed},
	keywords = {CONSEQUENCES, DENSITY, DENSITY DEPENDENCE, DENSITY-DEPENDENCE, DEPENDENCE, food web, food webs, FOOD-WEB, indirect effects, POPULATIONS, PREDATOR, PREY, SIZE},
	isbn = {0012-9658},
	url = {ISI:000220766600014},
	author = {Abrams,P.A.}
}
@article {1025,
	title = {Understanding why underrepresented students pursue ecology careers: a preliminary case study},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2007},
	note = {J
OCT},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {415 - 420},
	abstract = {While the literature can tell us something about the number of people from underrepresented populations in science, there is scant evidence to explain why ecology in particular has among the lowest proportions of underrepresented students and professionals of any science. We conducted a case study of 39 Affican-American students from ESA{\textquoteright}s Strategies for Ecology Education, Development, and Sustainability program, focusing on the factors that influenced their choice of an ecology career pathway. Although the case study includes only African-American students, we review the literature pertaining to all minority groups in science. Our results indicate that family support in particular, along with research experience and a positive view of an ecology career, are important factors in a student{\textquoteright}s decision to pursue this career path},
	keywords = {development, ecology, POPULATIONS},
	isbn = {1540-9295},
	url = {ISI:000249962100017},
	author = {Armstrong,M.J. and Berkowitz,A.R. and Dyer,L.A. and Taylor,J.}
}
@article {988,
	title = {Reappraisal of the role of big, fierce predators!},
	journal = {Biodiversity and conservation},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2008},
	note = {J
APR},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {685 - 690},
	abstract = {The suggestion in the early 20th century that top predators were a necessary component of ecosystems because they hold herbivore populations in check and promote biodiversity was at first accepted and then largely rejected. With the advent of Evolutionary Ecology and a more full appreciation of direct and indirect effects of top predators, this role of top predators is again gaining acceptance. The previous views were predicated upon lethal effects of predators but largely overlooked their non-lethal effects. We suggest that conceptual advances coupled with an increased use of experiments have convincingly demonstrated that prey experience costs that transcend the obvious cost of death. Prey species use adaptive behaviours to avoid predators, and these behaviours are not cost-free. With predation risk, prey species greatly restrict their use of available habitats and consumption of available food resources. Effects of top predators consequently cascade down to the trophic levels below them. Top predators, the biggies, are thus both the targets of and the means for conservation at the landscape scale},
	keywords = {biodiversity, ecology, indirect effects, POPULATIONS, predation, PREDATOR, predators, PREY, RISK, TOP, TROPHIC LEVELS},
	isbn = {0960-3115},
	url = {ISI:000254360200001},
	author = {Ale,S.B. and Whelan,C.J.}
}
@article {1157,
	title = {The distribution and abundance of animal populations in a climate of uncertainty},
	journal = {Oikos},
	volume = {118},
	year = {2009},
	note = {J
AUG},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {1121 - 1126},
	abstract = {Current predictions regarding the ecological consequences of climate change on animal populations are generally autecological and species-specific, and/or non-mechanistic extrapolations of recent short-term patterns. To better understand and predict the effects of climate change on the distribution of species and the abundance of populations we offer a novel, broad theoretical framework. Climate-induced changes in trophic structure may actually be more predictable than effects on individual species. The logic is that there are general differences in climatic sensitivity among trophic levels - specifically, that as one moves up trophic levels, there is an increase in the temperature sensitivity of vital rates. More precisely, we provide: (1) a formal mathematical definition of distribution limits that is both operational and conceptual, introducing the concept DL50, defined as the geographic and climatic isoline representing an equilibrium occupancy of half of the suitable habitats; (2) a matrix of the possible changes in trophic structure from climate change and the general theoretical consequences; and (3) a new idea that predicts broad effects of climatic warming on trophic systems. Our intention is to help meet the challenge of developing and testing general theoretical models that can predict which species will be winners and losers in ecological time, which evolutionary traits will be favoured or selected against, and what will be consequences for ecosystem structure and function},
	keywords = {ABUNDANCE, CLIMATE-CHANGE, CONSEQUENCES, PATTERNS, POPULATIONS, TROPHIC LEVELS},
	isbn = {0030-1299},
	url = {ISI:000268535300001},
	author = {Berggren,A. and Bjorkman,C. and Bylund,H. and Ayres,M.P.}
}
@article {971,
	title = {Current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2011},
	note = {J
APR},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {420 - 432},
	abstract = {P>1. In this essay I summarize current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence, while advocating for approaches that integrate community ecology with specific tests of classic evolutionary hypotheses. Several conclusions emerge. 2. The microevolution of defence is perhaps best studied by reciprocal transplant experiments of differentiated plant populations while simultaneously manipulating the presence of the herbivore(s) hypothesized to be the agent(s) of natural selection. 3. Although there is continued interest in the costs of defence, I argue that some empirical approaches to estimating costs (e.g. genetic engineering) may provide limited insight into evolutionary processes. 4. Essentially all plants employ several different lines of defence against herbivory. It is thus time to abandon searching for single silver bullet traits and the simple trade-off model (where traits are arbitrarily expected to negatively covary across genotypes or species). We still know very little about which trait combinations are most effective and have repeatedly evolved together. Thus, some of our prominent theories (e.g. a predicted trade-off between direct and indirect defence) need to be revised. 5. Studies of the macroevolution of plant defence are enjoying renewed interest due to available phylogenies and analytical methods. Although general trends are not currently surmisable, we will soon have strong case studies evaluating both biotic and abiotic drivers of convergent evolution in defence strategies and the role of defence evolution in the adaptive radiation of plant lineages. 6. The evolution of specificity is proposed as a final frontier in understanding complexity in plant-herbivore interactions. Although it is abundantly clear that plants can deploy highly specific defensive responses that are differentially perceived by herbivore species, how such responses evolve and are physiologically regulated remains an important gap. Relatively straightforward methodologies are now available to close the loop between plant perception of herbivory, hormonal responses, and production of defensive end-products across genotype or species},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community ecology, COMPLEXITY, ecology, EVOLUTION, HERBIVORE, herbivory, interactions, MODEL, phylogeny, plant, plant-herbivore interactions, PLANTS, POPULATIONS, RESPONSES, SPECIFICITY, theory},
	isbn = {0269-8463},
	url = {ISI:000288501100012},
	author = {Agrawal,A.A.}
}
@article {927,
	title = {Spatial Variation in the Strength of a Trophic Cascade Involving Ruellia nudiflora (Acanthaceae), an Insect Seed Predator and Associated Parasitoid Fauna in Mexico},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2010},
	note = {J
MAR},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {180 - 187},
	abstract = {Spatial variation in the strength of herbivore top-down control represents an important source of variation in plant fitness measures and community structure and function. By measuring seed predator (larvae of a Noctuid moth) and parasitoid impacts on Ruellia nudiflora across a broad spatial scale in Yucatan (Mexico), this study addressed the following: (1) to what extent does seed predator and parasitoid attack intensity associated with R. nudiflora vary spatially? (2) Does parasitoid attack result in a positive indirect effect on the plant, and does the intensity of this effect vary spatially? During the peak of fruit production (late June-early July) of 2005, we collected fruits from 21 R. nudiflora populations and grouped them into four regions: center, east, north and south. For each fruit we recorded: observed seed number, number of seeds eaten, seed predator presence, parasitoid presence and number of seeds {\textquoteright}{\textquoteleft}saved{\textquoteright} by parasitoids. Seed predators attacked ca 30 percent of fruits/plant on average, while parasitoids were found in 24 percent of seed predator-attacked fruits. Results indicated spatial variation in seed predator and parasitoid attack levels; interestingly, a contrasting spatial gradient of attack intensity was observed: populations/regions with greatest parasitoid attack levels usually had the lowest seed predator attack levels and vice versa, suggesting top-down control of parasitoids on seed predators. We observed a weak overall indirect impact of parasitoids on R. nudiflora (4\% seeds {\textquoteright}saved{\textquoteright} on average), which nonetheless varied strongly across populations (e.g., close to 14\% seeds saved at one population). Findings indicate a geographical structuring of interaction strengths across populations, as well as spatial variation in the strength of parasitoid cascading effects on plant reproduction},
	keywords = {COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY, community structure, GRADIENT, HERBIVORE, impact, insect, larvae, MOTH, Parasitoid, parasitoids, plant, POPULATIONS, PREDATOR, predators, SCALE, TOP-DOWN, trophic cascade},
	isbn = {0006-3606},
	url = {ISI:000275215700007},
	author = {Abdala-Roberts,L. and Parra-Tabla,V. and Salinas-Peba,L. and Diaz-Castelazo,C. and Delfin-Gonzalez,H.}
}
