02511nas a2200337   4500008004100000020001400041245011200055210006900167260001200236300001600248490000800264520160100272653001501873653001601888653001401904653001701918653000901935653001301944100001701957700002101974700001401995700001802009700001602027700001902043700001702062700001802079700001802097700001602115700001802131856002402149       2009                        eng d  a0962-843600aFrom genes to ecosystems: a synthesis of the effects of plant genetic factors across levels of organization0 aFrom genes to ecosystems a synthesis of the effects of plant gen  c2009///  a1607 - 16160 v3643 aUsing two genetic approaches and seven different plant systems, we present findings from a metaanalysis examining the strength of the effects of plant genetic introgression and genotypic diversity across individual, community and ecosystem levels with the goal of synthesizing the patterns to date. We found that (i) the strength of plant genetic effects can be quite high; however, the overall strength of genetic effects on most response variables declined as the levels of organization increased. (ii) Plant genetic effects varied such that introgression had a greater impact on individual phenotypes than extended effects on arthropods or microbes/fungi. By contrast, the greatest effects of genotypic diversity were on arthropods. (iii) Plant genetic effects were greater on above-ground versus below-ground processes, but there was no difference between terrestrial and aquatic environments. (iv) The strength of the effects of intraspecific genotypic diversity tended to be weaker than interspecific genetic introgression. (v) Although genetic effects generally decline across levels of organization, in some cases they do not, suggesting that specific organisms and/or processes may respond more than others to underlying genetic variation. Because patterns in the overall impacts of introgression and genotypic diversity were generally consistent across diverse study systems and consistent with theoretical expectations, these results provide generality for understanding the extended consequences of plant genetic variation across levels of organization, with evolutionary implications10aARTHROPODS10aCOMMUNITIES10aCOMMUNITY10aCONSEQUENCES10aGENE10aPATTERNS1 aBailey, J.K.1 aSchweitzer, J.A.1 aUbeda, F.1 aKoricheva, J.1 aLeroy, C.J.1 aMadritch, M.D.1 aRehill, B.J.1 aBangert, R.K.1 aFischer, D.G.1 aAllan, G.J.1 aWhitham, T.G.  uISI:00026573220001201883nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245007800055210006900133260001200202300001200214490000800226520135100234653001901585653001601604653001101620653001501631100001901646856002401665       2010                        eng d  a0962-843600aFood security: contributions from science to a new and greener revolution0 aFood security contributions from science to a new and greener re  c2010///  a61 - 710 v3653 aThere is an intrinsic link between the challenge we face to ensure food security through the twenty-first century and other global issues, most notably climate change, population growth and the need to sustainably manage the world’s rapidly growing demand for energy and water. Our progress in reducing global poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals will be determined to a great extent by how coherently these long-term challenges are tackled. A key question is whether we can feed a future nine billion people equitably, healthily and sustainably. Science and technology can make a major contribution, by providing practical solutions. Securing this contribution requires that high priority be attached both to research and to facilitating the real world deployment of existing and emergent technologies. Put simply, we need a new, ’greener revolution’. Important areas for focus include: crop improvement; smarter use of water and fertilizers; new pesticides and their effective management to avoid resistance problems; introduction of novel non-chemical approaches to crop protection; reduction of post-harvest losses; and more sustainable livestock and marine production. Techniques and technologies from many disciplines, ranging from biotechnology and engineering to newer fields such as nanotechnology, will be needed10aCLIMATE-CHANGE10adevelopment10aGROWTH10aPROTECTION1 aBeddington, J.  uISI:000272647200008